درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Thermal comfort is one of the key factors for achieving energy saving in the buildings. In the survey of thermal comfort, psychological aspects are as important as the physical parameters such as temperature and relative humidity. If thermal comfort could be achieved by using non–physical parameters, a significant energy and cost would be saved. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of changing the color of inward daylight (into cool/warm), on sensation of thermal and visual comfort. This study was conducted to answer these questions: to what extent can the lights, which are traditionally called cool and warm, cause the real sensation of cold and heat? What is their influence on thermal and visual comfort? And what is the effect of changing the color of transmitted light on the occupant’s sensation of illumination? Research method is descriptive–analytical; in this study, thermal and visual effects of changing the color of inward light from the windows is surveyed, by using questionnaires, in three naturally ventilated high–schools; and the results were compared with the outputs of PMV simulation analysis. The results show that changing the inward light to a cool color (blue) and a warm color (red) resulted in a difference of 0.33°C in the sensation of thermal comfort. Moreover, the AMV in all cases had a neutral temperature below the PMV’s neutral temperature which was simulated by the software. In lower illuminance levels (lower than 300 lux) blue light aroused more visual satisfaction; but in higher illuminance levels (more than 300 lux), simple windows produced the best visual satisfaction. Red light produced the least visual satisfaction amongst these three. While, blue and red glazing generated better distribution of light in the room, than the witness group.

In recent years, the debate over tall buildings and their impact on the environment has been raised greatly. On the one hand, the need to build tall buildings for various reasons such as: economical, functional, and environmental and on the other hand, High consumption of resources because of tall buildings is a challenge. In recent years, there has been six main approach in the design of high-rise buildings†: High-tech, Monolithic, Kinetic, Scenography, Media tic and Ecological. Ecological approach in the design of high-rise buildings, is realized by sustainable and green architecture. Ecological approach to architecture of high-rise buildings has led to not only the buildings less damage to the environment, but they also promote the quality of the environment. LEED standards at the late of twentieth century is used because of realization of these goals. In spite of a favorable environment for the use of renewable energy in Iran, there are four factors to reach green design: cultural, economic, technological and legal. Also in this condition there are some necessities to build green in high rise: saving energy (by solar panels, wind turbine, GHP system, CCHP), usage of green space in high rise, recycling water, healthy material and sustained construction, double skin façade, site development (green transport). In a case study of green high rise in Iran, renewal energies decreased usage of energy in building from 290kwh/m2 to 75kwh/m2. Also economic factors shows the rise of 1.2-1.4% in cost but 30-35% reduction in energy costs in green high rises. Compared to a conventional building, usage of renewal energies has 17.5% increase in Mechanical costs, 17% in Architecture & 37.5% in green spaces. With double skin façade, total cost increases about 8.2%-8.4% and without 1.2%-1.4%. In maximum condition it is 10% rise in cost compared with a conventional building.

Banjarmasin is known as a tidal waterfront city and it is called City of a Thousand Rivers. The city level was approximately -16 cm below the sea level and almost a swamp-land. The urbanization and the city development programs have changed the city’s physical and spatial plan from a wetland to a mainland structure. The issues of the city's transformation have changed the city structure from the waterfront city into the mainland city. Confusion about its architectural identity occurs in the tidal land context from the water-based architectural typology transformation to land-based architectural typology. Reinterpretation of architectural identity needs to be made so that the image of the tidal city will not disappear. The purpose of this study is to revive the architectural identity of Banjarmasin city. This research will be useful for academic and practices for the local management control of the city’s government The research procedures could be interpreted as typo-morphological in a tidal waterfront city, through several approaches employing the interpretive-descriptive-retrospective methods in the history of Banjarmasin’s urban development and Banjar’s community adaptation in this tidal environment.The research findings are: The architectural identity of tidal city can be found in the adaptation of Banjar’s community behavior; The architectural tidal identity has been fading, becoming ambiguous and unfamiliar to the present generation of Banjar community; Reinterpretation of the tidal architectural identity may serve as a guideline for the city’s lay-out developing from the architectural design of the present and the future.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the preferences of urban dwellers for various elements of urban parks in order to provide some important suggestions for rehabilitation of urban deficient parks. In this regard, this study has conducted a survey in one of the oldest parks in خرمabad, Iran, to reveal the overall satisfaction of the park situation and to explore the preferences of users regarding the characteristics of appropriate hard and soft landscape elements of the park. This paper uses five independent combined analyses covering elements of the urban park, including locational, functional, physical, visual and the vegetation characteristics in order to provide the most preferable elements for rehabilitation of this park. For finding significant results, questionnaires are distributed among 100 park users during spring 2014. Findings of the research show general dissatisfaction regarding the existing condition of the park and provide some key points that can be helpful for improvement of the quality of the park based on visitors' ideas.

Density is a critical typology in determining sustainable urban built-form patterns. Built-form refers to the assemblage and arrangement of the building masses in a city reflecting the spatial layout of spaces. The relationship between density and urban character is also based on at certain densities (thresholds). In a wider sense, sustainable cities are a matter of density. Recent debates about the creation of more sustainable urban form, compact cities have led to a renewed focus on issues of density. The argument is that high density high-rise with low ground coverage or compact city form can offer a high quality of life while minimizing crime, possibility to provide adequate amenities, green and open spaces, accessibility and space consumption. However, the relationships of density and patterns built-form are not reasonably well developed and integrated into the urban design-planning processes in developing countries cities like Addis Ababa. On the hand, not many studies have been undertaken with regard to density in relation to patterns of built-forms. Therefore, this study aims to explore density in relation to patterns of built-form in the process of planning & design of urban spaces2. The analysis is based on the primary sources as well as secondary documents collected from the concerned agencies and related references. The findings illustrate that high density high-rise with low ground coverage patterns of built-forms can offer better possibilities for installing good spatial quality3 of urban spaces. It concludes with an overview of emerging thinking/implications where further efforts are required in the future