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Among the authoritative dictionaries of Persian language, Borhān-i Qāti’ (lit. ‘Conclusive Proof’) is considered a turning point in the field of dictionary production, and it provides attractive data for applied linguistics studies in the field of lexicography. Borhān-i Qāti’, compiled in India in the 17th century by Moḥammad-Ḥosayn Khalaf Tabrīzī, is remarkable in several respects, but one of its features which does not seem to have received a proper attention, is its method of providing the pronunciation of its entries. In this reference, almost half of the entries have been given a pronunciation based on analogy, in which the entry word is echoed with a second-well known one, having the same phonotactics (distribution and arrangement of vowels and consonants), and distribution of vowels, and prosody pattern. This method was successfully practiced later on in another important but unfinished reference: Āsaf al-Loghāt (1906-1921). In This article, this pattern of presenting pronunciation is introduced and explained. Also it provides the readers with a list of the reference words which have been used to recognize the pronunciation of the other words, and the frequency of them will also be given and analyzed. The final list of this article presents those words which were believed to be “basic” or “core” by the compiler of Borhān-i Qāti’.

This research explores political and media silence as a strategic communication device in political speeches, media interviews, and online media, using a multi-dimensional research methodology involving discourse analysis, acoustic recordings, and perception surveys. Through discourse analysis of a large dataset including 300 hours of political speeches, 200 media interviews, and 50 hours of online media, the research maps silence as a strong, convincing, and ideological device. Political speeches use longer but less frequent pauses for rhetorical effect while media interviews use shorter but more frequent silences in an attempt to evade uncomfortable questions. Silence in new media is found as a means of algorithmic manipulation. Surveys in six countries show large differences in how silence is understood; American respondents identify it as strategic while Japanese respondents consider it evasive or cheating. Hiding behind conventional linguistic theories assuming silence is a communicative absence, this research posits instead that silence is an active and discourse-dependent discourse device. Implications in media literacy and internet governance are also outlined with a call for greater openness in algorithmic modulations and a rhetorical awareness of silence.

Language, as the main tool of human communication, has diverse structures and features that play an important role in the transmission of meaning and social interactions. One of the important approaches in language analysis is functional grammar or systemic functional grammar, which examines how language functions in different situations. In this framework, grammatical metaphor is considered as one of the key concepts that can play an important role in shaping and representing meanings in different texts. Halliday introduced and distinguished three types of grammatical metaphors, including ideational, interpersonal, and textual metaphors. In this study, the extent and way of using grammatical metaphors in literary and scientific texts in the Azeri language from an interpersonal perspective was investigated. For this purpose, the analytical-descriptive research method was used. In this study, for the scientific genre, the book "Dil and Dilchilik" by Ali Dashkin and for the literary genre, selected articles from the magazine "Anna Varlig" were selected as the data and analyzed. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the use of interpersonal grammatical metaphors in the two genres of science and literature. Furthermore, the examination of the components indicated a significant difference in the use of grammatical metaphors of mode and modality between the two genres; so that modality was used significantly more in science texts than in literary texts, and mode was used more in literary texts than in science texts.

Ever since its introduction, the flipped learning approach has demonstrated promising results in English language teaching. To this end, the goal of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of flipped learning on speaking in two different cooperative and competitive EFL learning settings. To conduct the study, the researchers selected 60 learners through nonrandom convenience sampling and subsequently randomly assigned them into two experimental groups of 30 learners, namely the flipped learning cooperative and the flipped learning competitive groups. Both groups underwent the same flipped learning treatment; the point of departure, however, was the fact that in one group the learners exercised cooperative learning while the other group experienced competitive learning. Prior to the treatment, all 60 learners took a speaking pretest (a sample Preliminary English Test or PET) and after the treatment, a posttest (another sample PET) was administered to them. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was run on the two groups’ scores on the pre- and posttest. The result of the study indicated that the learners sitting in the flipped cooperative group outperformed those in the flipped competitive group. The implications of the findings of this study are elaborated in the paper.

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the relationship between economic policy uncertainty and corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices, considering the moderating role of government ownership among firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). Methodology/Design/Approach: The research is applied in nature, covering the period 2017–2022. A sample of 100 companies was selected using the targeted elimination method. The hypotheses were tested using multiple regression analysis to examine the impact of both direct and indirect indicators of economic uncertainty on CSR activities. Findings: The results reveal that the inflation rate (a direct indicator of economic uncertainty) has a positive and significant relationship with CSR participation, while GDP (an indirect indicator) shows a negative and significant relationship. These findings suggest that as economic uncertainty increases, firms tend to engage more in CSR activities. However, in government-owned companies, greater economic uncertainty leads to reduced CSR participation. Innovation: This study contributes to the literature by highlighting how economic uncertainty shapes CSR practices and demonstrating the contrasting effects in private versus government-owned firms. The findings offer practical implications for policymakers and corporate managers seeking to balance economic conditions with social responsibility commitments.

This study deals with the analysis of the plays by ChistaYasrebi and NaghmehSamini and is trying to study the role of feminine language in the plays of these two contemporary Iranian woman playwrights. In this study, first issues of women, language, feminine language and brief introduction to the life of ChistaYasrebi and NaghmehSamini have been investigated and then the feminine language in the works of these two female playwrights has been studied, to specify the role of the female narrator in narrative and feminine writing. The result of the study is that the structure of the playsofthese two playwrightsis very influenced by the gender of the narrator in terms of Personality Science, dramatic situation, and dramatic language, and feminine language is a key element of writing.

This study focused on Iranian EFL learners’ learning styles and their willingness to communicate (WTC) in the classroom as two critical factors causing individual differences in language learners. A sample of 175 Iranian EFL learners studying at elementary, intermediate, and advanced levels at the University of Tehran Language Center participated in this study. The participants were asked to fill out two Likert-type questionnaires of the Willingness to Communicate and the Perceptual Learning Style Preference Questionnaire (PLSPQ). The findings of this study demonstrated that Iranian EFL learners prefer kinesthetic learning style above all others. Moreover, the findings indicated that there is a significant, albeit low, relationship between Iranian EFL learners’ learning styles and their willingness to communicate in the classroom. Furthermore, it was revealed that while Iranian EFL learners’ learning styles are not significantly different across different levels of language proficiency, there is a significant difference in their levels of willingness to communicate in the classroom.

This article introduces an integrated approach for addressing uncertainty and improving human-oriented risk control by combining differential equation modeling with neural and fuzzy logic enhancements. Differential equation modeling provides a structured mathematical foundation for capturing price dynamics over time, while neural and fuzzy logic components adaptively adjust the model to account for nonlinear behaviors and uncertain market signals. The proposed framework is applied within volatility-aware trading strategies, comparing fixed-exposure and downside-scaled momentum approaches. Using daily data from five major digital currencies spanning 2016 to 2024, the model demonstrates improved prediction accuracy and controlled exposure under volatile conditions. While the adaptive strategy offers reduced drawdowns and more stable weight distributions, it does not universally outperform in return-to-risk metrics. However, the integrated system consistently shows better alignment with market risk regimes, particularly in directional accuracy, confidence calibration, and drawdown control enhancing its practical viability for real-world deployment.