درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose: The purpose of the current study was to identify, quantify, and prioritize the components of reducing the resistance of managers of government organizations in the administrative transformation plan. Methodology: The mixed study method is based on exploratory mixed study. The statistical population in the qualitative section was university professors, managers, and experts of executive systems, in the quantitative section, managers and experts of government agencies, and in the prioritization section, high and middle managers of executive systems of selected organizations. In-depth interviews were used in the qualitative part, while questionnaires were used in the quantitative part, and matrix questionnaires were used in the prioritization one. Acceptability (expert review) and confirmability (expert review) were used to determine the validity and reliability in the qualitative stage, while in the quantitative stage, the validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by three methods: form, content, and structure. Reliability was estimated and confirmed by three methods of determining factor loadings of items, Cronbach's alpha of components (between 0.760 and 0.888) and combined reliability (between 0.842 and 0.923). In the prioritization section, the content of the matrix questionnaire was approved by five academic and organizational experts in terms of comprehensibility and expressiveness, and the rate of inconsistency of the criteria was calculated and confirmed as 0.05 to 0.07. Qualitative data were analyzed with the ground theory technique, while quantitative data with structural equation modeling technique, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis tests in SPSS and Smart PLS software, and the prioritization section, data were analyzed through hierarchical analysis (AHP) in EXPERT CHOICE software. Findings: The results of the qualitative part indicated that the paradigm model includes 10 dimensions (categories) and 22 components (concepts) in the form of causal, contextual, interventional, strategy, and consequence conditions. Conclusion: The results of the quantitative part showed that all the components of the study model were confirmed. The results of the prioritization section show the greater importance of the outcome and organizational productivity component.

Purpose: Considering the importance of school anxiety and its role in the decline of other academic performance, the present study was conducted with the aim of prediction of school anxiety based on the academic self-efficacy, academic support and academic engagement of first secondary students. Methodology: The current research was a descriptive from type of correlation. The research population was all first secondary students of Tabriz city in the academic years of 2022-2023. The sample size based on the Krejcie and Morgan table was calculated 269 people, which this number were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. The research tools were the questionnaires of school anxiety (Philips, 1987), academic self-efficacy (Jinks & Morgan, 1999), academic support (Sands & Plunkett, 2005) and academic engagement (Reeve, 2013). The data obtained from the implementation of the questionnaires were analyzed with the methods of Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression with enter model in SPSS software. Findings: The findings showed that all three variables of academic self-efficacy, academic support and academic engagement had a significant negative relationship with school anxiety in first secondary students (P<0.01). Also, the three mentioned variables significantly were able to predict 56.5 percent of school anxiety changes in first secondary students (P<0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study have practical implications for people who deal with students, and they to reduce school anxiety in students can increase their academic self-efficacy, academic support and academic engagement through educational workshops.

The caste system has undergone many changes, many people have predicted its soon demise, but it has proven to stay. Many theories such as Sanskritization by M.N. Srinivas have been written about the caste system and many studies showed that caste has retreated, though not disappeared, from several spheres of life. A delinking of occupation and caste, increased inter-caste and interreligious marriages and the status of a person is increasingly measured not by traditional hereditary factors such as caste but individual parameters such as wealth, job security and career chances, that are factors which can individually be acquired. Thus, researchers said that class will supplant caste, but recent research has shown that it would be better not to see these two as opposed to each other and rather study the similarities. We have researched in rural and urban areas with in purposefully selected areas in Goa with people from many different social backgrounds, religions, caste, and as well tribal background. We have opted to use mainly qualitative research. The open-ended informal interview or semi-structured interview with an interview guide was mostly used as it provides best insight in how people perceive their life and changes. Due to social changes such as democratization after Liberation from the Portuguese colonial rule in 1961, the Land Tiller’s Act which transferred the land from the owners to the tillers and migration, which offered especially to the former working class higher incomes, caste markers have undergone changes as well. A significant change to individual choices from inherited traditional caste rules could be observed, which depended on individually acquired characteristics. Hereditary traditional factors such as caste, which are non-personal, retreated to the background. As caste is seen by many as discrimination, people try to get rid of it or hide it as much as possible. That means that obvious caste markers such as names of wards indicating one’s profession or caste background cannot be used anymore, as the composition of castes in wards have changed as well. Profession and caste have been decoupled, the sitting order in the church does not indicate caste anymore and other traditional caste markers have become obsolete. Thus, people have found out new markers to orient themselves in their social world. These factors were for instance language. The accent of course could be changed, as certain accents were related to specific varnas and as well jaatis. As ward names have changed, the setting and look of wards became important, such as the space in front of the house and the absence or presence of agricultural tools or harvest versus flower beds and expensive children’s toys were gauged. The style of the house, how many stories and the style of color and decoration were considered as well. The behavior and demeanor became very important as well as the style of clothes and jewelry one was wearing. As well how feasts and parties were celebrated. These individual factors of gauging the status of a person did have significant influences and repercussions on social set up in urban and very strong as well in rural areas. The member composition or formal and informal meetings and local NGOs are due to personal interest and skills. Thus, hot issues in villages are decided by expected personal gain and interest. Professions get a new ranking according to career chances and income, dining with others depends on personal liking. Despite this emerging class character, we should not see class and caste dichotomous, as people use either of them in different situations depending on what they feel might get them better chances to advance to their goals. Seeing caste and class as complimentary and not dichotomous helps