درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose : The aim of this study was to design and validate an extracurricular curriculum model in junior high school with a social harm prevention approach. Methodology : In this study, the methods of qualitative content analysis, documentary method and descriptive-inferential method were used. The samples for data collection were 20 experts in the field of education and 10 sources related to extracurricular activities in education who were selected by non-probability sampling method of snowball or chain. Data collection techniques were semi-structured individual interviews with extracurricular curriculum specialists and qualitative analysis of texts. The data obtained from the interviews were analytically coded and analyzed using SPSS software. Findings : The findings of this study identified the characteristics of extracurricular curriculum elements with social harm prevention approach for purpose, content, teaching learning strategies and evaluation, respectively, and the initial model of extracurricular curriculum with harm prevention approach. The model was approved after validation by experts and experts and the implementation of adjustments. The results of this research can be used in the design of extracurricular curriculum in junior high school. Conclusion : According to the research findings, students who participate in extracurricular activities have more social adjustment.

The aim of this study was to compare the personality traits and defense styles of students (girls) with high and low academic performance in Ardabil city in the academic year of 2020-2021.The research method is causal-comparative In this regard, the number of students with high educational performance of 30 people and students with low educational performance were selected as well as 30 students using a multi - stage cluster sampling method. To collect research data, the five-factor personality test (short form) and the defense styles questionnaire of Andrews et al. were used. To analyze the collected data using SPSS-20 software, descriptive statistical methods including mean and standard deviation were used and also standby statistical methods including multivariate analysis of variance were used. The results showed that there is a significant difference between students with high and low academic performance in some personality traits and defense styles so that. The students with high academic performance in the personality traits of extra version (p<0.044) and conscientiousness (P <0.45) got higher scores and students with low academic performance in the personality traits of neuroticism got higher scores. The results also showed that in developed defense styles students with high academic performance (P <0.012) had higher scores and the students with low academic performance in underdeveloped defensive styles (P <0.013) and psychotic defensive styles. Got higher scores. Therefore, according to the findings of the study, it can be concluded that personality traits and defensive styles have a decisive role in students' academic performance.

Efficient market hypothesis predicts that capital markets are beset with cer-tain biases which result from wrong estimation, and negatively influence shareholders’ expectations for higher returns, which in turn affects invest-ment efficiency, financial constraints and corporate performance efficacy in competitive markets, and eventually mitigates firm value. The present study aims at examining the impact of CEOs’ perceptual biases on investment efficiency and financing constraints of the firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange over the period 2013-2017. Earnings forecast error and CEOs’ overconfidence biases serve as the measure of CEO’s perceptual biases, the model developed by Biddle et al (2009) is employed to proxy for investment efficiency, and KZ model is also adopted to calculate financing constraints. The results reveal that both earnings forecast error and overconfidence biases negatively affect investment efficiency, while they positively influence cor-porate financing constraints.

In this study, the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR ) disclosure on idiosyncratic risk has been investigated concerning three stakeholder theory, information asymmetry, and risk management. It also goes further and explores the impact of some corporate governance mechanisms such as ownership structure, board characteristics, and incentive contracts on this relationship. To achieve the research objectives, 142 companies from Tehran Stock Exchange were selected through the systematic elimination method from 2010 through 2018 and the research hypotheses were tested using a combined data regression model with an integrated approach. The results show that CSR disclosure; by increasing transparency, reducing uncertainty, stakeholder satisfaction, and positive market signaling; reduces idiosyncratic risk. It was also found that the ownership concentration and managers’ remuneration by reducing CSR reporting lead to increased idiosyncratic risk, but government ownership, the duality of the CEO’s duties, the independence of the board of directors and the managers' equity decrease the corporate idiosyncratic risk by increasing CSR reporting. However, the effect of managers' remunerations and state ownership on the relationship between CSR reporting and corporate idiosyncratic risk was not confirmed at the 95% confidence level. Overall, from a theoretical viewpoint, a good corporate governance system can improve the quality of CSR, thereby improving corporate social reputation and reducing corporate idiosyncratic risk.