درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This study aimed to identify the challenges and drivers of AI-based electronic marketing in the sports industry of Iran. The research employed a qualitative approach with thematic analysis. The research population consisted of academic and organizational experts in the sports industry. Sampling was conducted using purposive (judgmental) and snowball methods, and interviews continued until theoretical saturation reached at the twelfth interview. To validate the research, the triangulation of data sources, peer review, and participant review method was utilized. Additionally, to check reliability, inter-coder reliability and test-retest reliability were employed. Data analysis was performed using MAXQDA2020 software in three stages of coding (instance, main theme, sub-theme). The results indicated that the challenges of AI-based electronic marketing in the Iranian sports industry include "service quality assurance, customer rights enforcement, security and privacy protection, inadequate employee knowledge and skills, lack of appropriate statutes and regulations, incorrect audience recognition and needs assessment, lack of focus on disruptive technologies, improper use of AI, increased internet consumption for unsolicited advertisements." The drivers encompass "providing low-interest loans, training and skill development, utilizing digital technologies, applying marketing mix, knowledgeable and informed management, holding briefing sessions, customer communication channels, research development, information dissemination and advertising, standard formulation, governmental support, smart technology development and application, investment, motivation and hope for progress, tax exemptions, culture building, business coaching, academic education, infrastructure and equipment, and branding.

Purpose: In many countries, type 2 diabetes has emerged as a chronic non-communicable disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors. The role of physical activity has been proven as a useful intervention in the prevention, management and treatment of type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to study the effect of 12 weeks of combined training (resistance + aerobic) on serum levels of some cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Method: In this study, 22 individuals with type 2 diabetes, aged 30 to 60 years, participated. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of two combined training and control groups, 11 in number. The training program assigned to each group was carried out for 12 weeks and three sessions per week. To investigate the dependent variables, blood samples were taken from all subjects one day before and 48 hours after the last training session. Data analysis was performed using paired t-tests and independent t-tests (P<0.50). Results: After 12 weeks of participation in sports activities, the mean total cholesterol (p=0.001), low-density lipoprotein (p=0.001), triglyceride (p=0.011), and body mass index (p=0.01) in the combined training group (resistance + aerobic) significantly decreased, and high-density lipoprotein levels (p=0.036) in this group significantly increased after training interventions. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it seems that combined training improves the body's lipid profile by significantly reducing the levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, and body mass index. Therefore, combined exercises are recommended as an effective intervention in reducing cardiovascular risk factors in type two diabetic patients.

The purpose of this study was to design a model of organizational insentience (OI) of human resources (HR) in the Iraqi ministry of sports based on grounded theory through a mixed method research. The participants in the qualitative section included 15 managers and experts from the Iraqi ministry of sports, selected through purposive/snowball sampling and theoretical saturation. The sample in the quantitative section, encompassed a convenient sample of 296 managers and experts from Iraqi sports departments. The data collection tools used in this study included a set of semi-structured interviews, and a highly reliable (Cronbach’s alpha= 0.89) researcher-developed questionnaire. The analysis unveiled 123 open codes, 27 axial codes, and 6 selection codes, presented through a six-variable model, encompassing causal, contextual, and intervening factors, the axial phenomenon, strategies, and the outcomes of OI in human resources. The results included identification of the most important components such as leadership and management, organizational culture and communication, organizational structure and processes, environment and working conditions leading to OI in human resources. Additionally, to mitigate this negative complication, strategies such as enhancing motivation and fostering employee participation, improving employees' organizational identity, the researcher suggests implementing a justice-oriented organizational culture, bolstering innovation and creativity within the organization, strengthening inter-organizational cooperation, and reinforcing employee support and counseling systems.

Objective: Menopause is a sensitive and challenging period for women, which leads to various problems such as osteoporosis and back pain. However, its effect on bone mineral density is still debatable. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine The relationship between some serum osteoporosis markers and body mass index with lumbar bone mineral density in active and inactive postmenopausal women. Methods: The number of subjects was 41 active postmenopausal women and 45 inactive postmenopausal women aged 46 to 87 years. Serum alkaline phosphatase, calcium and phosphorus indices and anthropometric characteristics of the subjects were examined. Pearson correlation coefficient test was used to analyze the research data. SPSS version 26 software was used to analyze the data. Results: We observed a statistically significant correlation between serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and phosphate with lumbar bone mineral density in the group of active postmenopausal women, and between body mass index, weight, and age with lumbar bone mineral density in both active and inactive postmenopausal women (p ≥ 0.05). While no significant correlation was found between other indices. Conclusion: Active postmenopausal women, by taking advantage of sports activity, in addition to having better health indicators, have provided the necessary stimulus for some hormonal mechanisms, mineral absorption, and calcium-phosphorus balance in order to reduce bone resorption.

The D2 Attention Test is widely used to assess attention capacity, particularly in terms of information processing speed and concentration performance. This study aimed to establish normative data for the D2 test among athletes from both team and individual sports, considering gender, sport type, and level of expertise. The sample consisted of 177 male and female athletes aged 14 to 30 from North and Razavi Khorasan provinces. The D2 test was administered, and data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test via SPSS version 23. Percentile ranks were calculated for attention indices based on age, gender, sport experience, and sport type. No significant differences were found across age groups or levels of experience in processing speed, errors, or attention/focus indices (P > 0.05). However, a significant gender difference emerged in error rates (P = 0.008), with female athletes exhibiting fewer errors. Athletes in team sports demonstrated significantly higher processing speed than those in individual sports (P = 0.01). These findings highlight the importance of considering both gender and sport type when interpreting attentional performance. The results underscore the need for customized cognitive training programs that account for individual differences to optimize athletes’ attentional and cognitive capabilities across sport disciplines.

Background : As technology advances, concerns regarding neurobehavioral disorders, particularly memory deficits caused by electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from wireless devices such as Wi-Fi routers have increased dramatically. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the impact of aerobic exercise on cholinergic biomarkers and amyloid beta (Aβ) levels in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats exposed to 2450MHz EMR emitted by Wi-Fi routers. Materials and Methods: Eighteen rats were randomly divided into three groups: 'control', 'wave', and 'wave+aerobic exercise'. During four weeks, the 'wave' groups were exposed to 2450MHz EMR from Wi-Fi routers for four hours daily, seven days a week the 'wave+aerobic exercise' group also participated in a running program five days a week in addition to EMR exposure. Cognitive behavioral changes resulting from the interventions were evaluated using the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test. Results: Exposure to EMR significantly decreased acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase levels, and increased Aβ levels in the hippocampus (P<0.05). The MWM test also revealed a significant impairment in spatial memory among the exposed rats compared to the 'control' group. However, the 'wave+aerobic exercise' group exhibited a significant increase in acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase levels, a significant reduction in Aβ levels, and demonstrated considerably better performance in the MWM test compared to the 'wave' group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise in preventing pathophysiological alterations and cognitive impairments caused by electromagnetic radiation.

Background : Anti-inflammatory markers play a crucial role in chronic diseases.. Regular training is a valuable method to control inflammation. Aim: This meta-analysis aims to explore the impact of exercise training on anti-inflammatory indicators like IL-10 and IL-4. Martials and methods: Various databases, including PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Google Scholar, were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials from 2007 to 2023. Studies focusing on IL-10 and IL-4 indicators in individuals undergoing exercise training were selected. According to the study inclusion criteria, ultimately, 40 articles were finally selected as study samples for the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was conducted using fixed and random effects models to analyze the effect sizes, taking into account factors such as age, gender, health status, type and duration of exercise, and BM.. Results: Aerobic training significantly increased IL-10 levels (p=0.00, 95% CI=0.267:0.723, ES=0.495), while the increase after resistance training was not significant (ES=0.295, 95% CI-0.020:0.610, p=0.067). Both aerobic training (ES=-282, 95% CI=-0.795:0.185, p=0.237) and resistance training (ES=0.227, 95% CI=-0.389:0.843, p=0.471) had no significant effect onIL-4 levels. Subgroup analysis revealed a significant increase in IL-10 associated withBMI subgroups (p=0.019), with the highest increase in BMI group 18 to 25 (p=0.001). Subgroup meta-analysis for IL-4 showed no significant differences between subgroups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Aerobic training was associated with a significant increase in IL-10 levels in healthy and unhealthy subjects, but aerobic and resistance training had no significant effect on IL-4 levels. Further randomized controlled studies are essential, especially focusing on resistance training and different training scenarios.

Background : Dysfunction of Skeletal muscle mitochondrial is often associated with some of the metabolic diseases for instance diabetes. Aim: the aim of this research was to study the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise training on proteins levels of MFN1, MFN2, FIS1 and Drp1 in gastrocnemius muscle of diabetic rats. Martials and Methods: In the present study, the 20 male Wistar rats (age: 8 weeks, weight: 200±20 g)  were randomly divided into four groups of Diabetic Control (DC), Diabetic Training(DT), Healthy Control (HC) and Healthy Training (HT). Induction of type-2 diabetes was done by combining of High-Fat Diet and Streptozotocin (30 mg/kg) injection . In the training groups, the aerobic exercise training program was carried out for eight weeks based on the principle of gradual overload, and the training intensity was increased from 15 m/min for 30 minutes in the first week to 25 m/min for 60 minutes in the last week. 48 hours after the last training session, the rats were unconscious, then the tissue of the gastrocnemius muscle was extracted and kept at -80 temperature. The levels of all proteins were evaluated by western blot technique. One-way ANOVA analysis with Tukey's post hoc was used for comparison of variables in between groups at a significance level of 0.05 by SPSS-23 software. Results: Induced diabetes caused by the combination of high-fat diet and streptozotocin injection led to a significant decrease in MFN1 (P=0.001) and MFN2 (P=0.019) proteins and a significant increase in FIS1(P=0.012) and Drp1(P=0.023) proteins in the gastrocnemius muscle of diabetic rats. However,  aerobic exercise training led to a significant increase in MFN1(P=0.009) and MFN2 (P=0.015) and a significant decrease in FIS1(P=0.002) and Drp1(P=0.034) proteins  in the muscle of diabetic rats (P< 0.05). Conclusion: due to the results of this study, type-2 diabetes disturbs the mitochondrial dynamics and the optimal function of skeletal muscles. On the other hand, exercise, as a beneficial and complication-free strategy has a essential role to maintenance the balance of mitochondrial dynamics and its optimal function in the diabetic skeletal muscles.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare respiratory parameters and sleep quality between physically active and inactive young adult males, while exploring correlations between these domains. Method: In a semi-experimental design, 15 active males (aged 20–23 years; ≥8 hours/week moderate-to-vigorous activity; >2 years sports experience) and 15 inactive males (≤3 hours/week activity; no sports experience) were recruited. Anthropometric measures (height, weight, BMI, body fat percentage, heart rate) were assessed. Pulmonary function—including forced vital capacity (FVC), vital capacity (VC), maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), percentage predicted FEV1 (%FEV1), and maximum expiratory flows at 25% and 75% of FVC (MEF25%, MEF75%)—was evaluated via spirometry (Fukuda ST-95) per American Thoracic Society guidelines. Sleep quality was quantified using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Independent t-tests compared groups; Pearson correlations and multiple linear regressions examined associations (α = 0.05). Results: Active participants displayed superior respiratory metrics ( p < 0.05): higher FVC ( p = 0.023), VC ( p = 0.002), MVV ( p = 0.001), FEV1 ( p = 0.001), %FEV1 ( p = 0.001), MEF25% ( p = 0.026), and MEF75% ( p = 0.042). PSQI scores were significantly lower (better) in the active group (4.13 ± 1.18) versus inactive (6.53 ± 2.50; p = 0.002). No baseline differences emerged in age, height, weight, heart rate, fat percentage, or BMI ( p > 0.05). In the active group, each 1-unit increase in FEV1, MVV, VC, FVC, and MEF75% was associated with corresponding reductions in sleep quality scores of 0.217, 0.127, 0.370, 0.386, and 0.194 units, respectively (all p > 0.05). Regressions and correlations between respiratory indices and sleep quality were non-significant in both groups. Conclusion: Regular physical activity enhances sleep quality and respiratory function in young males, though direct mechanistic links were not evident in this cohort. These findings advocate exercise as a non-pharmacological strategy for addressing sleep and pulmonary health, warranting larger, diverse studies to elucidate interactions.

Purpose: Physical activity is associated with higher left ventricular mass but also reduced risk of cardiovascular outcomes. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the effect of twelve weeks of resistance training and a detraining period on relative left ventricular wall thickness in inactive men. Method: Twenty-four inactive men who met the inclusion criteria and were able to participate in the exercise protocol were randomly divided into two resistance training groups (n=12) and control group (n=12). Anthropometric characteristics, body composition, and relative wall thickness (RWT) were measured using echocardiography at three time points: before the start of exercise, at the end of 12 weeks of exercise, and after a 6-week period of non-exercise. The exercise protocol consisted of 12 weeks of exercise (three sessions per week) followed by 6 weeks of non-exercise. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests and repeated measures analysis of variance at a significance level of p < 0.05 using SPSS software version 24. Results: The results showed that a significant change in RWT was observed between pre-test and post-test measurements in both groups (p < 0.05) and significant changes in RWT were also observed during the detraining period in the training group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that 12 weeks of resistance training can lead to beneficial changes in cardiac structure in inactive men. A 6-week detraining period can lead to negative effects on these adaptations. Therefore, it is recommended that individuals participate in regular and structured resistance training to maintain these positive adaptations.

Purpose: With increasing age, sleep quality decreases and sleep complaints are common in the elderly, especially inactive individuals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between several respiratory indices and sleep quality in active and inactive adult men. Method: Twenty elderly men with a mean age of 70.18±8.21 years, height of 163.23±5.10 cm, and weight of 71.20±7.11 kg participated voluntarily and after obtaining informed consent, randomly divided into two active and inactive groups (10 people in each group). Respiratory indices were measured using Microlab spirometry. The Pittsburgh questionnaire was used to assess sleep quality. Independent t-tests and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data. Results: In the active group, the mean sleep quality score was significantly lower than that of the inactive group (p=0.013). Maximum voluntary ventilation (p=0.021), forced vital capacity (p=0.033), peak expiratory flow 25-75%, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (p=0.046) parameters were significantly higher in the active group than in the inactive group. Conclusion: It seems that exercise can be an effective factor in improving respiratory system function and sleep quality in inactive adult men.