درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Background: Physical activity affects the health of the body's organs through several processes. Apoptosis is one of the important cellular processes that play a role in maintaining the balance between cell death and tissue growth. Aim: The aim of the present study was to examine the previous findings regarding the effect of physical activity and exercise on apoptosis in order to obtain a relatively comprehensive knowledge of this effect by summarizing and analyzing the data. Materials and Methods: To collect the information of the articles, a search was made from PubMed, MEDLINE, SID, IranMedex, IranDoc, Magiran and Medlib databases. More than 80 scientific articles from 2000 to 2023 were reviewed. The keywords used were: physical activity, aerobic exercise, endurance exercise, apoptosis and cell suicide. After the review, finally 26 articles were selected. Then, the selected items were fully studied and finalized, and the items that were more complete than the others were selected as references. Conclusion: Physical activity and exercise, especially aerobic exercise, as a safe, cheap and accessible method, can reduce apoptosis through several mechanisms. The breadth of studies in this field, and the overlapping of many data, allows us to confidently introduce exercise and aerobic activity as one of the best methods of regulating body homeostasis and reducing apoptosis.

Introduction : Sleep deprivation is one of common phenomena in athletes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of arginine supplementation following sleep deprivation on carbohydrate and fat metabolism, balance and fatigue index in female athletic students. Methods: The study population included all undergraduate female students of Sport Sciences at Imam Khomeini International University (age: 22.2± 2.16 years, BMI: 230.15±2.59 kg/m<sup>2 ) of whom 8 volunteered took part in the research. All experiments were performed in laboratory of university in 2020. Subjects were classified into four groups: Control, Sleep deprivation, Arginine and Arginine-sleep deprivation. Lactometer was used to measure blood lactate. Best Balance device was used to measure balance and GAS Analyzer was used to measure metabolism. Data was analyzed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: Sleep deprivation significantly decreased static balance ( P =0.01) and dynamic balance ( P = 0.004) while arginine consumption resulted in improved static balance in sleep deprivation arginine group ( P =0.03). It was also shown that lactic acid levels were lower in the two groups that took arginine than in the groups that did not take arginine ( P ≤0.05). Conclusion: Arginine consumption can improve static and dynamic balance as well as mitigate side effects of sleep deprivation on static balance.

Background: Intense physical activity increases the production of reactive oxygen species in vital tissues such as the liver and causes oxidative stress. Aim: This study investigates the effect of high-intensity interval training and intense endurance training on oxidative stress of liver tissue in immature male rats during puberty. Materials and Methods: A total of 24 male Wistar rats (aged= 22 days, weight= 60±0.63 g), after one week of acclimatization, were divided randomly into three groups: control, IET, and HIIT. Rats were subjected to a four-week training on an animal treadmill. The effects of training treatment in rat liver were investigated by assaying oxidative stress biomarkers. Results: Comparing to control group, in both training groups significantly lower Malondialdehyde (MDA) was seen (( P (IET)= 0.016/ P (HIIT)= 0.020). However, there were no statistical differences in Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) ( P = 0.463) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) activity levels ( P = 0.194) among groups. HIIT training significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) ( P = 0.040) and catalase enzyme (CAT) levels ( P = 0.007). IET and HIIT had significantly increased endurance performance (both: P = 0.001). Conclusion: Both training intensities did not lead to an increase in oxidative stress and can be used during puberty.

Purpose: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an effective training method for improving the aerobic and anaerobic power of athletes; however, the role of activity volume in high-intensity interval training efficiency is still unclear. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of low- and high-volume HIIT on aerobic power, anaerobic power, and lactate response in young soccer players were compared. Method: In this study, 24 professional soccer players aged 20 to 22 who had no history of illness or taking supplements were chosen and randomly assigned to two groups of high-volume and low-volume HIIT. High-intensity interval training was completed for eight weeks. Training sessions included 5 min of warm-up, the main training phase, and cooling down. The training phase in the first week included 8 repetitions of 15 s of running with maximum power and 15 s of rest. Every week, the number of repetitions was increased by two. High-volume interval training was conducted for six sessions per week while low-volume interval training was performed for three sessions per week. After the training intervention, aerobic power was measured using the one-mile running test, and anaerobic power was evaluated using the Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST). Moreover, the level of blood lactate resulting from the RAST test was also measured using a lactometer. To statistical analyses repeated measure ANOVA was used. Results: Blood lactate levels were reduced by 12% (p=0.001) in the high-volume interval group and by 10% (p=0.001) in the low-volume interval group in response to exercise. In addition, statistical analysis revealed that the blood lactate levels in response to exercise after 8 weeks of training were similar in both groups. On the other hand, despite the rise in aerobic and anaerobic power in both groups, there was no significant difference in aerobic and anaerobic power between the high-volume and low-volume groups after eight weeks of interval training. Conclusions: Overall, the findings of the present research indicated that high-intensity interval training will reduce lactate and increase aerobic and anaerobic capacity, regardless of the training volume.

Background: Research shows that there is a relationship between religion and spirituality with social behavior and mental health. Among the different religions, Muslims have the largest number in the world. Muslims pray five times a day. Aim: The purpose of this study was to review previous findings on the effect of Salat (Muslim prayer) on the mental and psychological health of people. Materials and Methods: More than 50 articles were reviewed and finally the most relevant articles were separated and analyzed. Results: The results indicate that there is a direct relationship between Salat and increasing the desire to live, hope, endurance of hardship, feeling happy and happiness, hope for recovery in patients. Also, prayer has an inverse relationship with anxiety and depression, despair, despair, dissatisfaction with life, discomfort with illness and problems. Conclusion: According to these findings, doctors and researchers in the health sector are expected to conduct new studies without religious and belief bias in order to understand and improve the mental and psychological conditions of patients, so that the mechanisms involved in these positive effects are revealed and possibly insight new in the process of improving people's mental and psychological conditions.