درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Background: Gene polymorphisms are related to athletic performance. Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism is essential in identifying talent and guiding adolescents to appropriate sports. Aim : The aim was to investigate the relationship between the angiotensin gene and endurance performance of novice adolescent wrestlers in Ardabil. Materials and Methods: Subjects were 15 Amateur adolescent wrestlers in Ardabil (age: 13.07±1.53 years, height: 164.60±10.68 cm, weight: 60.14±6.32 kg, BMI: 22.22±4.98 kg/m 2 ) with three-year wrestling. Chest and thigh muscle endurance, abdominal fat percentage and cardiovascular endurance, chest press, and squat muscle endurance were measured. ACE polymorphism was determined using tetra-ARMs polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and compared direct DNA sequencing in salivary samples. Chi-square and ANOVA were used to compare frequencies and their relationship with performance indicators. Results: ACE DD genotype frequency was higher in novice adolescent wrestlers, and there was a significant difference between ACE polymorphism frequency ( P =0.008). There was a significant difference between ACE genotype distribution with endurance performance of pectoral and triceps ( P =0.004) muscles, body composition ( P =0.0001), and Vo 2 max ( P =0.0001). There was a significant difference between body composition and Vo 2 max of Amateur adolescent wrestlers with ACE DD ( P =0.0001), ACE II ( P =0.0001), and between body composition and Vo 2 max with ACE II ( P =0.0001), ACE DD ( P =0.0001), and ACE ID ( P =0.0001). In body composition, ACE II was significantly higher compared to ACE DD ( P =0.0001) and compared to ACE ID ( P =0.0001). Also, in Vo 2 max, ACE II was significantly higher compared to ACE DD ( P =0.0001) and compared to ACE ID ( P =0.0001). Conclusion: Findings showed the superiority of ACE DD polymorphism and its relationship with the endurance performance of novice adolescent wrestlers in Ardabil. ACE DD polymorphism is probably essential in wrestler success. Other research with more subjects and other genes is important.

Purpose:  Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease which is on the rise in recent years especially in Iran. Although there has been much progress in MS treatment, there is no definitive cure for it. Considering high prices of prescription drugs and their serious side effects as well as, impact of this illness on function efficiency of individuals, it seems that exercise training is one of the effective, cheap, and without side effects methods, in improvement of the performance of MS patients. In this regard, the present study aimed to provide comprehensive information on the background and the latest studies conducted to evaluate the effect of various exercise trainings (resistance, aerobic, core stability, Pilates, and combined) on this disease.  Methods :  An electronic search from 1994 to 2022 was performed in the Magiran, SID, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases to find published articles. The keywords were multiple sclerosis, physical activity, exercise, training, aerobics, resistance, combined, core stability and Pilates. Different articles were selected and reviewed according to relation with subject. Results: The results indicated that various exercise training with different duration, intensity, and frequency cause different adaptations in people. Furthermore, regular continuous combined exercise training can be more effective than one type of exercise training in improvement and reduction of the symptoms of MS disease. The mechanism of improvement in combined exercise training can be justified due to the benefits of concurrent use of two or more types of training protocols. Conclusions: It can be said that the combined use of exercise trainings is the most useful and effective method for these patients. However, more studies on the best combination of exercise trainings for MS patients should be done in the future.

Physical education schools play an important role in the physical and mental progress of students as well as having a great impact on the international success of the athletes. Therefore, the architecture and educational sport settings are of high importance. Hence, the present study was carried out with the aim of developing the educational and sport spaces of physical education schools. The current research is phenomenological based on a qualitative method. The research population consisted of academic faculty members of the art and architecture departments, sport management department; experts of constructing and equipping sport places; physical education school principals, teachers, and students. Fifteen participants were selected through a purposeful sampling. The Data collection tool was a semi-structured interview and for the final validation, the validity and reliability criteria were applied. Factors affecting the development of educational and sport places of physical education schools included 68 sub-themes classified under nine main themes: spatial diversity, space function improvement, linkage of the places, light-related factors, color-related factors, design standards, design enhancement, safety factors, and health factors. Therefore, it is essential for relevant managers to take into account the standards of construction and design of physical education schools.

The outbreak of war in Ukraine at the same time as the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics once again called the world sports to engage in international military warfare. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of sports deterrent in the prevention of international military wars. The present study was a qualitative-netnogeraphy method, which was conducted by studying various websites and social networks such as Instagram and official websites of BBC sport, CNN sport, ABC sport, Varzesh TV, Olympics and FIFA World Cup pages. The results indicated that sport sanctions of Russia categorized to personal (8) and organizational (21) concepts. Although Sports is a non-political phenomenon, it can play as a peace-making factor to decrease the political and military pressure on nations. Today, athletes, because of their billion audience on social media and messengers, have an irreplaceable impact on the public, including efforts to curb violence, aggression and incitement to war, including effective sports in promoting international peace.