درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Propose: The thyroid hormones (T3, TSH, T4, and FT4) play a role in energy balance and regulation of energy expenditure. The aim present study to investigate the effect of moderate intensity aerobic training on thyroid hormone levels in inactive girls. Method: A total 30 inactive girls students were randomly selected and divided to training group (n=15) and control group (n=15). The training group doing research protocol for four week (three session per week of 70% maximal heart rate), also the control group was not intervened during the study. However, elevation anthropometric index before protocol training study. Blood samples were collected 24 hours before the first and after the last training session. For analysis data used T-test at significant level p<0.05. Results: Results showed a significant reduction of T3 (P<0.05), but no significant change were observed at T4, TSH, FT4 levels after training (P˃0.05). Conclusions: Our results showed that moderate aerobic training of 70% maximal heart rate have minimum effect on thyroid hormones in inactive adolescent girls.

Background: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) reduces the senses, proprioception, reflexes, and strength in the lower extremities and leads to balance dysfunction. Aim : This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions used by researchers and therapists to minimize balance dysfunction in people with DPN. Materials and Methods: This study is a comprehensive review of exercise interventions on the balance of patients with diabetic neuropathy by searching in the PubMed Elsevier, Springer, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases with the combined keywords “balance”, “diabetic peripheral neuropathy”, “training interventions”, “proprioception”, “risk of diabetic fall”, “peripheral neuropathy” and also in Persian databases of Jihad Daneshgahi Scientific Information Center, MedLib (Comprehensive Database of Medical Articles), IranMedex, Iran Institute of Information Science and Technology Research Institute (IRANDOC), Iranian Publications Database (MAGIRAN) and with keywords “fall risk”, “profundity” and “postural control in diabetic neuropathic patients” from 2010 to 2021. After collecting the search results, first the title and then the summary of the pieces were studied. If the articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, their results would be used in the review study and otherwise discarded. Results: Twenty-five studies published between 2010 and 2021 met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that training interventions were more effective than control conditions to improve the balance of patients with diabetic neuropathy. Also, the most training programs and rehabilitation protocols have a positive effect on the balance of patients with diabetic neuropathy. Conclusion: The studied exercise interventions are an effective tool to improve the balance of diabetic neuropathy patients. However, given the small number of studies and their limitations, the present findings of this study should be considered.

Background: The traditional approaches to strategic planning in the face of uncertainty of the environment have no inflexibility, and there is no appropriate response to it. Strategic Foresight systems are welcomed by creating a strategy in a highly competitive environment. Aim: The purpose of the study was to explain the effective demographic model of sections quad Iran's sports based on Strategic Foresight to end in 2036. Materials and Methods: The present research is in terms of applied purpose, qualitative nature and implementation path in foresight methods, environmental scanning and survey. The statistical population were faculty members of sports management with associate degrees and higher who were selected by combining sampling. Results: The experts approve the research model with GOF= 0.509. Also, development of academic disciplines in sport for all, land-use planning system in professional sport, per capita family income in championship sport, land-use planning system in educational sport as demographic key drivers were identified. Conclusion: The research model can be effective as a guide in anticipation of the future of sections quad Iran's sports and provided the basis for envisioning the future state and effective decision-making.

Audience behaviour is an external factor which could influence an athlete’s performance during a match due to the evaluative attitude which it might convey. One of the most common positive influences on a team’s motivation can be attributed to a supportive and cheering audience. Contrastingly, jeering can be interpreted as negative influence. High emotions exchanged between the spectators and the players may also show the important ties which bind them together, and this can affect the players’ behaviour on the field of play. This study focuses on how crowd behaviour in Maltese football influences the players’ performance in the game. The influence of spectator behaviour on the psychological state of six male national senior football team members and six male national team youth players was analysed through data gathered from individual semi-structured interviews. Results show that both senior and youth players are influenced by variables of audience behaviour and feel pressured and anxious throughout matches.  Incentives for positive behaviour need to be introduced, together with sanctions for the breaking of rules, as well as slogans and placards placed in the stands for further awareness need to become the norm. If we are to curb societal issues such as racism and violence, the need for educational strategies is clear.