درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

the present study investigates the prevalence of emotional abuse among professional athletes by their coach in Mashhad city of Iran. the current study is applied research, about 40 professional retired athletes have participated voluntarily in individual sports (swimming and martial arts) and team sports (handball and basketball). The semi-structured interviews were used to gather the data and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. the results have shown that about 70 percent of participants have experienced various emotional abuse by their coach over years of playing professional sports and the maximal statistics belonged to criticism and reproach variables but just a few of them had reacted to their coach emotional abuse that entailed concentration disorders, performance and motivation decline, and ability obtainment issues. the results have shown that a high percent of athletes have experienced emotional abuse by their coach that encompassed many psychological and performing damages. Therefore, it is needed to train athletes’ preventable and resistant methods and the way of conveying these offensive behaviors to officials in order to reduce the damages of applied emotional abuse at athletes.

Purpose: The purpose of the present research was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of progressive resistance exercise and a subsequent detraining period on the indicators of muscle fiber shortening (FS%) and the relative wall thickness (RWT) of the left ventricle in low-mobility women. Method: This semi-experimental study was conducted in a field-laboratory setting. A total of 32 sedentary women, who met the criteria for participation and were able to engage in the exercise protocol, were randomly assigned to two groups: 1) Resistance training group (16 participants), and 2) Control group (16 participants). Anthropometric characteristics, body composition, and structural indices such as left ventricular muscle fiber shortening percentage (FS%) and relative wall thickness (RWT) were measured using an echocardiography device at three intervals: before the start of training, at the end of 8 weeks of training, and after a 4-week detraining period. The training protocol was implemented over 12 weeks, consisting of 8 weeks of training with three sessions per week, followed by 4 weeks of detraining. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of p < 0.05, using SPSS version 21. Results: The results showed a significant difference in FS% between pre-test and post-test measurements for both the experimental and control groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, a significant decrease in FS% was observed in the training group during the detraining period (p < 0.05). Similarly, a significant change in RWT was found between pre-test and post-test measurements in both groups (p < 0.05), and significant changes in RWT were also observed during the detraining period in the training group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Based on these findings, it can be concluded that 8 weeks of resistance training led to beneficial changes in the structure and function of the heart in sedentary women. However, the 4-week detraining period resulted in negative effects on these adaptations. Therefore, it is recommended that individuals engage in regular and structured resistance training to maintain these positive adaptations.

The present study seeks to compare life satisfaction, happiness and self-esteem of female athletes and non-athletes aged 20 to 65 years in Tabriz. The present study is a causal-comparative study. The statistical population of the present study was all female athletes and non-athletes in the age range of 20-65 years in Tabriz. From this statistical population, 349 female athletes and 135 non-athletes were selected as a sample using Morgan Table and cluster random sampling method. Cooper-Smith standard self-esteem, Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and Oxford Happiness (OHI) questionnaires were used in this study. The results of independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance and Friedman test showed that women athletes have higher life satisfaction, happiness and self-esteem than non-athletes. Also, with increasing duration of sports activities, women’s rate of happiness is also on the rise, and the first five years of exercise have had the greatest impact on women's self-esteem.

Purpose: Obesity is a complex disease that causes oxidative stress by disrupting fat metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ten weeks of swimming exercises with nigella sativa (Black Seed) supplementation on the plasma lipid profile of inactive obese women. Method: In this study, 40 inactive obese women with a body mass index (BMI) higher than 26, and an average age (29.06 ± 7.94 years), were voluntarily selected and randomly divided into four groups of 10 people. The control group, the training group, the training group - nigella sativa supplement and the nigella sativa group were divided. The control group had a normal diet and no training; the nigella sativa supplement group consumed 2 nigella sativa capsules of 1000 mg daily for 10 weeks; The swimming training group performed swimming exercises for 10 weeks and three sessions a week with an intensity of 60% of the maximum heart rate and the duration of each session was 75 minutes; the nigella sativa -training group also performed both the training and supplement protocols. At the end of the period, blood indicators of (low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol. Total (TC)) and anthropometric variables were measured. Covariance analysis and paired t-test at a significance level of 0.05 were used for data analysis. Results: Investigations showed that there is no significant difference between the groups in the values of HDL-C, LDL-C, TG and TC (P>0.05). However, in the intra-group comparison, hockey results have a significant difference in HDL-C, LDL-C, TG and TC in the exercise and exercise +supplement and nigella sativa groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: It seems that taking two weeks of swimming exercises along with nigella sativa supplement improves some of the fat profile indicators and can probably be effective in improving the complications caused by obesity.