درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Spectators are the main element of football. Football, as a popular sport, has the capacity for the intimate involvement and intense emotional experiences of the spectators. But the large presence of spectators in one place increases the probability of critical situations. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify crowd crisis management (CCM) solutions in professional football and to select the best solutions in terms of functional priority with mix-method. In the qualitative part, the approach based on thematic analysis was used to identify the crowd crisis management solutions and in the quantitative part, the best-worst method (BWM) was used to determine the importance and weight of the identified factors. A semi-structured interviews with 21 experts and the implementation of the best-worst method, demonstrated that among the five categories of solutions related to CCM inside the stadium, control, and guide of spectators as the most important, and emergency medical services as the least important of solutions. Also, among the solutions for managing the crowd crisis outside the stadium, the staff training of the stadium is illustrated to be the most important and financial discipline the least important solution effective for controlling the crowd crisis. Therefore, it is suggested that organizers of the matches focus on solutions that lead to the accurate implementation of the roles and tasks of the groups involved in holding the match and the development of programs, policies and effective security measures to control the spectators.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between coaches’ leadership styles and sport emotions of athletes participating in the Bahrain 2021 Para-Asian Youth Championships. The statistical population of the study consisted of all athletes participating in the Bahrain 2021 Para-Asian Youth Championships including 750 athletes from 30 Asian countries. Using Morgan table, the sample size was determined to be 256 athletes. The research instruments included the Modified Sport Emotion Questionnaire (SEQ) and the Sport Leadership Scale (LLS). Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test and Friedman test in SPSS 23 software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the leadership style of social support of sport coaches had a negative and significant relationship with the components of anxiety, dejection, excitement and anger of athletes’ sport emotions as well as a positive and significant relationship with the component of happiness. The authoritarian style of sport coaches had a positive and significant relationship with the components of anxiety, dejection and anger of athletes as well as a negative and significant relationship with the components of excitement and happiness (p≤0.01). Generally, by recognizing the psychological consequences associated with coaches’ leadership style, it is possible to help improve positive emotional states and control negative emotional states in athletes. 

Background: Instrument Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization (IASTM) and electrotherapy have shown to help alleviating post-operation complications and affect gait kinematics and muscle strength.Aim: This case study aimed to manage the post-operative complications in a patient with investigate excessive ankle stiffness with kinetics, kinematics and Electromyography (EMG) approach.Materials and Methods: A 41-year-old female with post-operation complications including decreased right ankle range of motion (ROM) and strength underwent a 12-week of IASTM and Electrotherapy. Gait analysis was performed before and after the intervention.Results: The results showed notable improvements in ankle 3-dimensional (3D) ROM, power, moment, velocity, cadence, step length, ground reaction force (GRF) and decreased stiffness, muscles activity, single and double support time. Ankle dorsiflexion ROM was not notably increased during gait.Conclusion: Findings suggest that a 12-week intervention of IASTM and electrotherapy can improve gait mechanics and reduce muscle activity in a patient with excessive ankle stiffness.

Background: The physical fitness is essential for wrestlers to perform successfully. The Tabata Protocol can be appropriate to develop these physical qualities.Aim: This study aims to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training using “Tabata  protocol” on the physical fitness of teenage wrestlers.Material and Methods: 16 participants were randomly assigned to two groups of Tabata training (n=8) and the control group (n=8). All mentioned variables were measured before and after 4 weeks of the intervention. Tabata training group performed Tabata protocol in 2- 3 sets of 8 exercises with 20 sec of training and 10 sec of rest. The control group kept up their normal training routine during the same time. Physical fitness components were measured. The collected data were statistically analyzed by an independent t-test at a significance level of P>0.05.Results: Wrestlers in both groups significantly increased physical fitness components except flexibility (P<0.05). Tabata training was significantly more efficient in endurance of core muscle (P= 0.019, ES= 0.490) and upper body strength (P= 0.001, ES= 0.490) than control group (P<0.05). Also, results showed that for leg explosive power, only Tabata training had a positive effect (P= 0.026, ES=0.541).Conclusions: Our results suggest that wrestlers after Tabata protocol interventions can obtain better physical fitness, and event time benefits with more efficient performance and time-efficient manner compared with control group.

Background: Shoulder impingement syndrome is a common complication that causes pain and disability, functional limitations and reduced quality of life. This syndrome is usually seen in people who are involved in activities and sports involving rotating movements above the head, including bodybuilders. Meanwhile, corrective exercises have been considered as an intervention in the rehabilitation of the condition. Exercises based on National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM) principles are known as one of the new methods in the rehabilitation and prevention of sports injuries.Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect and permanence of corrective exercises on pain intensity, functional disability and kinematic parameters of bodybuilders with shoulder impingement syndrome.Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test design, 20 male bodybuilders with shoulder impingement syndrome were randomly assigned in two groups; corrective exercises as the experimental group (n=10) and control group (n=10). Visual Analog Scale (VAS) questionnaire was used for pain intensity. Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire was used for functional disability. Kinovea software was used to kinematic parameters. The evaluations carried out during three stages: the pre-test, the first post-test (after 8 weeks) and the second post-test (after 12 weeks). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of 0.05 using SPSS version 20 software.Results: The findings showed that after 8 weeks of corrective exercises, there were significant changes in pain intensity and functional disability in the experimental group (P<0.05). Also, significant changes in shoulder biomechanical parameters during flexion, abduction, external rotation and internal rotation movements were observed between the two groups (P<0.05). Permanence of the exercises in the studied variables after 12 weeks showed a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05).Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it can be stated that a course of NASM exercises reduced shoulder pain, improved functional disability and improved kinematic parameters in male bodybuilders with shoulder impingement syndrome.