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Due to external factors (like sanctions) and internal issues (such as poorly managed privatization and banking), the country's economic performance has been disappointing over the past decade, with economic growth averaging less than 2%, inflation over 20%, and negative 5% fixed capital formation. Consequently, the country now falls into the category of low-income nations in international reports. Additionally, the loss of the golden era of revenues from crude oil sales has increased restrictions on the government's access to programmable financial resources. Therefore, to address these challenges, Iran must reconstruct its trade flows and explore new economic activities, particularly through economic diplomacy with neighboring countries. This effort should also involve defining new areas for economic activities. For this reason, while it is possible to view economic diplomacy through conventional political definitions as a means to enhance a country's standing in the international arena by promoting foreign trade and creating new markets, in our country, economic diplomacy should be regarded primarily as a strategy to navigate the current challenges facing the national economy. Within this context, among other states, Russia is identified as a key partner for enhancing trade. The conclusions of this research identify the most significant trade obstacles between Iran and Russia as follows: A) Inadequate business infrastructure, B) poorly organized foreign trade activities, and C) The complexities of international political economy. Conversely, the principal solutions to enhance trade levels include A) strengthening infrastructure, B) fostering joint investment opportunities rather than solely focusing on exporting goods, C) enhancing the information and marketing sectors, and D) diversifying the range of exported goods.

This dissertation investigates the impact of the US-China trade war on regional and international cooperation patterns, with a specific focus on Iran-China relations. The ongoing rivalry between the United States and China, the world's two largest economies, extends beyond trade and into geopolitical and diplomatic realms, reshaping alliances and economic strategies across the globe. Among the countries influenced by this global shift, Iran presents a compelling case study due to its ongoing economic isolation from the West, largely driven by US sanctions. This research seeks to explore how the US-China trade war has created opportunities for Iran and China to deepen their bilateral ties and develop alternative cooperation models at both regional and international levels. The importance of this study lies in its ability to shed light on how economic conflicts between superpowers can inadvertently generate strategic opportunities for other states. By analysing the political and economic dynamics between Iran and China in the aftermath of the trade war, this research contributes to a broader understanding of shifting global power structures. The study is guided by the central research question: How has the US-China trade war created opportunities for Iran and China to strengthen regional and international relations and establish new cooperation models? Employing the Hegemonic Stability Theory, it argues that the potential decline in US dominance will catalyse the emergence of new geopolitical alignments, especially in regions where American influence has weakened. The findings reveal that the trade war has indeed acted as a catalyst for strengthened Iran-China relations. Both nations have strategically capitalised on reduced Western engagement to pursue mutual interests, enhance economic cooperation, and position themselves as key actors in a multipolar world. The study concludes that this evolving partnership exemplifies how geopolitical tensions can lead to new patterns of global cooperation, challenging established power hierarchies.  

The Middle East and North Africa region, known for its distinctive geographical characteristics and limited natural resources, has long faced various environmental challenges. Since 2007, these challenges have intensified and evolved, affecting not only environmental sustainability but also the political, economic, and social dynamics among the countries in the region. It is crucial to analyze how regional nations respond to environmental crises and to explore the consequences for international relations and regional security. This understanding is crucial for comprehending the emerging dynamics in the region and recognizing the necessity of cooperative policy responses to environmental challenges. Accordingly, the central research question is: How have environmental crises affected interstate relations among countries in the Middle East and North Africa between 2007 and 2024? In addressing this question, the hypothesis suggests that environmental crises, by exacerbating conflicts over the exploitation of shared natural resources, threatening stability and security, and creating opportunities for both positive and negative external interventions, have significantly impacted the diplomatic relations of the region's countries. This article employs a quantitative method and an explanatory approach for hypothesis validation.

After the end of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States and the collapse of the bipolar system, the British government, as a secondary power, sought to revise its foreign policy principles based on the necessities of the 21st century. Especially after the events of September 11, 2001, London officials reviewed the foundations of the country's foreign policy within the framework of a new international order centered on the United States. As a result of the new structure of British foreign policy, the political relations of this country with other international actors underwent changes, such that this issue also impacted the bilateral relations between London and Tehran. This research examines the foundations of British foreign policy as the main pillars of the country's foreign relations in the post-September 11 era. This article analyzes this topic using a descriptive-analytical method based on a foundational approach. The aim of this writing is to answer the main question: "What are the most important foundations of British foreign policy and what effects do they have on Britain's bilateral relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran?" The results of this research indicate that commercial diplomacy, energy security, US-British special relationship, the maintenance of the security and survival of the Zionist regime, and attention to human rights issues with specific perspectives are among the most important foundations and constructs of British foreign policy, each of which has in some way darkened and challenged relations between London and Tehran.