درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The perceived outbreak of COVID‐19 has forced the closure of schools in Iran. Alternatively, e-learning has emerged as a viable replacement for training students. The present study examined the comparative effects of applying Shaad as online learning versus face-to-face teaching on English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students’ vocabulary learning. To achieve this aim, sixty ninth-grade high school students were randomly selected. The members of the study were assigned to the Shaad and control groups. The instruments were a Cambridge Placement Test (CPT) and a researcher-made test administered as a pre-and post-test. First, the CPT was used, then a pre-test was administered to members of both groups. EFL learners’ vocabulary learning was analyzed at the end of the research; thus, the students in both groups performed the vocabulary post-test. Descriptive statistics and independent samples t-tests were run to determine the effect of Shaad on Iranian EFL learners’ vocabulary learning. The results revealed that teaching vocabulary through Shaad as online learning did not have a statistically significant effect on EFL students’ vocabulary learning. The results also showed a significant difference between the vocabulary learning of EFL students exposed to face-to-face teaching and those exposed to Shaad; thus, face-to-face learning is more effective. One of the study implications is that policymakers might provide infrastructure for virtual education to contribute to the improvement of EFL learning along with face-to-face education after the Covid-19 pandemic. Also, material designers can remove the deficiencies of the Shaad platform to develop the student’s vocabulary learning as an instructional aids tool.

Flipped classrooms refer to teaching approaches that like usual teaching is not done inside the class. It means that before the class students watch videos that the teacher carefully chooses or prepared. The selected videos have to fulfill the required content that advances the abilities of the students in their learning. This study investigates the influence of online flipped classrooms on Iranian EFL high school students’ reading ability. To this aim, the study was done on 50 EFL 12th-grade and pre-intermediate level female students. The students were set into two groups experimental and control. A reading test was run on both groups as the pre-test, at the beginning of the study. Then, after 10 treatment sessions, the post-test was given to both groups. An independent samples t-test was run to compare the means. The outcomes illustrated the significant outperformance of the experimental group over the control group. In addition, to identify the EFL high school students’ attitudes toward the flipped classroom, the students were asked to answer an open-ended question. The results of students’ responses using thematic coding showed that most of the students had optimistic opinions regarding implementing the flipped classroom. Finally, the present study indicated that this model provides an opportunity for students to learn at their own pace and time. Therefore, it has some implications for teachers, students, and institutions which can increase student-teacher interaction in the teaching-learning process.

L'enseignement du français pour les iraniens cause pas mal de problèmes à tous les niveaux de l'apprentissage surtout du point de vue de l'orthographe. Vu les structures et différences contrastives existant entre le persan et le français, certes, les apprenants iraniens ont des diffucultés à suivre toutes les étapes de l'enseignement dans les classes de français, y compris l'orthographe. Nous constatons que celle-ci est due à une approche contrastive qui se crée de la rencontre entre la langue maternelle des étudiants iraniens à savoir persan et la langue que l'on vise à apprendre, le français, tout en passant par la grammaire, la phonétique... Dans cet article, nous essayons d'analyser ce problème de l'orthographe de quatre points de vue qui nous sebmbent être pertinents dans la résolution de ce problème majeur de l'apprentissage du français en Iran. Il faut ajouter que cet article est le produit des expériences de l'enseignement du français en Iran durant des années consécutives.

L’objectif de cette recherche est d’analyser les caractéristiques des tâches numériques proposées dans les manuels de FLE et sa mise en place par les enseignants iraniens. Les outils de la collecte des données comprennent donc des manuels de FLE utilisés dans les instituts de langues en Iran et les entretiens avec 18 enseignants iraniens. Deux dispositifs d’analyse de données ont alors été adoptés : une grille d’analyse des tâches numériques et le logiciel MAXQDA. L’analyse des manuels montrent que les tâches numériques ont pris une place croissante dans les méthodes étudiées. Les résultats obtenus de l’analyse des entretiens révèlent que la majorité des enseignantes n’effectuent pas les tâches numériques proposées par les manuels dû à plusieurs facteurs notamment le manque de temps et d’installation numérique dans leurs instituts. Pour certaines interviewées la mise en œuvre des tâches numériques équivaut à l’utilisation des sites Internet pour proposer des exercices aux apprenants ou à l’enseignement à distance. Nous pouvons conclure des résultats que le besoin des stages de formation est ressenti de la part des enseignants pour d’abord les initier au concept de tâche et de tâche numérique et ensuite les former à la mise en place des outils numériques dans le processus d’enseignement, selon un choix raisonné compte tenu de leur contexte, en vue de créer un environnement authentique d’enseignement/apprentissage du FLE en Iran.

Translated texts have an in-between existence commonly referred to as hybridity; they belong to both source and target cultures, which indicates that hybridity is an inherent characteristic of translation. However, it is not only translated texts that contain hybridity, original texts do too, especially in the case of linguistic hybridity that is caused by non-standard language. All forms of non-standard language have their own sociolinguistic implications; their mere presence in a literary production conveys certain messages, which makes this presence a prominent one. It is equally important to find out what becomes of such language in the process of translation. Therefore, the current qualitative research picked four literary novels that featured at least one-character parading non-standard speech patterns, along with two Persian translations for each novel so that translators' styles could be compared. The target texts were inspected to observe cases of either neutralization or reproduction of non-standard language. The findings proved that most translators gravitate towards normalization, meaning that their readers would not be able to perceive the existence of different speech patterns in the story. Nevertheless, by employing diverse structures and terms, two translators managed to demonstrate that linguistic hybridity existed in their texts. Considering how dissimilar English and Persian dialects are, having transferred non-standard language through the translation process is an impressive accomplishment.

Evaluating the oral abilities of foreign language learners through online assessments attitudes a significant challenge for both teachers and students. Conducting skill evaluations in person, through direct interaction between the examiner and the learner, enables more authentic communication. However, shifting to a digital format and incorporating technological tools may cause discomfort among students and take away the friendly atmosphere of the assessment.This study aimed to investigate the impact of online assessment on the speaking complexity, accuracy, and fluency of intermediate English as a foreign language (EFL) learners. Initially, 50 learners took the Oxford Placement Test, with only 44 scoring between 50 and 60, placing them at level B1. These students were then divided into an experimental group and a control group. The Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC) was administered as a pretest and posttest for both groups, alongside a speaking pretest to assess complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) scores. The experimental group underwent online assessment (OA) via the Adobe Connect platform, while the control group engaged in book exercises without any specific treatment. Following the intervention, both groups took a speaking posttest (TOEIC). Data analysis involved Pearson Correlation Coefficient, kurtosis, skewness, descriptive statistics, and sample t-tests. The findings revealed that online assessment significantly improved participants' speaking accuracy and fluency, although it did not have a significant impact on speaking complexity.

The novel Les Miserables (Hugo, 1985) is one of the most universally translated works, and there are a number of adaptions in several languages. One recent adaption is the Persian musical play performed in Iran. In this performance, culture-specific items (CSIs) were translated differently since visual and aural elements were added to the stage. The present study aims to investigate translation strategies used in the above adaptation to indicate what translation solutions are possible when the medium changes. After watching the ninety-minute recorded play in VOD format, culture-specific items were selected purposively corresponding to those in the novel. Subsequently, they were analyzed based on Newmark's model (1988). The findings showed that the most frequent translation strategies applied were adaptation, followed by communicative translation, and literal translation. Compared with the original performance, some scenes were deleted from the recorded play. Hence, there was no exact one-to-one correspondence with the original text of the book. While instances of censorship contributed to some of these omissions, probably one reason for the issue is the publishing regulations administered in Iran for VOD formats of the plays. These results suggest that while target language-oriented strategies dominated the entire translation approach, the translator of the play tried to familiarize the audience with French culture through literal translations and with the help of visual and aural aids. Since the audience were presented with pictures and songs, it was easier for them to locate themselves in the era of the French Revolution and French customs.

The growing literature on teacher professional development emphasizes the positive contribution of teacher engagement to the professional development of teachers. However, scant attention was given to the relationship between this concept and teacher ecological agency as one of the potential factors influencing teacher engagement and in turn professional development. To fill this research gap, a sample of 369 EFL teachers from different institutes in Iran selected through convenience sampling participated in this study. The required data was collected by administering two questionnaires: The teacher ecological agency questionnaire and the teacher engagement questionnaire. The relationship between teachers’ ecological agency and teachers’ engagement and their underlying components were investigated through structural equation modeling (SEM) and Pearson correlation. The outcomes of SEM revealed a significant association between teachers’ ecological agency and engagement. The Pearson correlation results indicated that all three components of teacher ecological agency are correlated significantly with all five components of teacher engagement. The highest degree of correlation was found between emotional engagement and practical-evaluative agency (.711), agentic engagement, and practical-evaluative agency (.705) and cognitive engagement and practical-evaluative agency (.692). The pedagogical implications of this study enhance the efficiency of the educational system and teachers’ professional development.

An intervention study was conducted to investigate whether individuals with Down syndrome would benefit from teaching alphabetic skill and single word reading in foreign /second language despite their phonological, cognitive, memory, and intellectual disabilities. This study is a part of a longitudinal case study focusing on developing a program for reading English done at three stages which comprised teaching English alphabet, vocabulary, and reading. The study focused on a Persian speaking girl with Down syndrome who demonstrated phonological deficit prior to intervention. Data were collected by video recording, documentation, and keeping diaries. Assessments of progress were made at the beginning of a new session following the last teaching session and maintenance of gains was held three months after the last teaching session. The result showed significant gains in reading monosyllabic words. The findings demonstrated that Down syndrome individuals can learn basic reading skill in second / foreign language using "combined approach of phonics and reading" along with multisensory language learning approach (MSL).

Dans cet article, notre objectif consiste à étudier la psychanalyse de Sigmund Freud dans Thérèse Desquereux de François Mauriac (1885-1970) afin de mettre en évidence le motif de l’état maladif des personnages comme une provocation psychique. A travers la trilogie (Ça, le Moi et le Surmoi) de la psychanalyse freudienne, cet article vise à démontrer que le désir de vengeance, se fait par la souvenance rétrospective. Dans cette recherche, nous nous sommes référés à la psychanalyse de Freud pour montrer que la subjectivité est le porteur d’une perturbation mentale dont le reflet se voit dans l’attitude de Thérèse comme une solitude désirée et chez Bernard comme un doute imposé. De plus, « la solitude » et « la séparation » des personnages sont une sorte de l’état maladif étant traitées dans les termes comme la dualité et la complexité. Ainsi, on tentera d’examiner les traits caractéristiques de la théorie de Freud dans la subjectivité (le Ça) et dans l’objectivité (le Moi) ayant mis Thérèse dans la négligence momentanée.

This research was carried out to examine the effect of using careful online planning vs. pressured online planning on learning multi-word expressions among intermediate English learners. To this end, two samples of learners through an Oxford Placement Test (OPT) were selected as the careful online group and pressured online group. After the pretest, the researcher exposed the experimental group to all multi-word expressions, adapted from input text. The experimental group was supposed to listen to some audio files and learn the multi-word expressions and then they must have been able to produce those expressions while speaking. They were asked to watch a film of The Donkey and The Master , take notes, and retell the story in six minutes for pressured online planners and then the time for careful online planners. The first time was for pleasure; the second time, they were expected to retell the story using Multi-Words Expressions in the film. After three weeks of instruction, the posttest was given to the students of both groups to assess their achievement. After quantitative data analysis, an independent sample T-test was performed. The results indicate that pressured online planning was more effective. This study has implications for EFL teachers and instructors.

Based on the importance of virtual classrooms and due to the inevitability of using them in difficult situations such as the Covid-19 pandemic, the current study was an attempt to investigate the perception of high school EFL teachers toward virtual learning systems' experience. Also, probing the perception of high school EFL teachers toward virtual learning systems' opportunities, exploring the perception of high school EFL teachers toward virtual learning systems' challenges and threats, and informing the educational society of the solutions to the barriers of virtual learning systems based on the perception of high school EFL teachers were the other objectives of the current study. To this end, the attitudes of 120 EFL teachers (males=67, females=53) with the age range of 30 to 50 who were teaching at different high schools of West Azerbaijan province, Urmia, Iran, were gathered via a researcher-made questionnaire. The results of the study show that although high school teachers faced some barriers such as low internet access, low interaction, and low concentration by learners, actually they actually have positive attitudes toward the use of digital learning, particularly in virtual classrooms. Furthermore, the findings showed that data retention power and quick and easy access were favored by most of the teachers, and they believed these two items can be regarded as positive opportunities. In addition, teachers presented some comments such as adding visuals to the virtual classrooms, using chat boxes, and planning interaction hints to resolve the virtual classrooms’ existing problems such as poor connection and low concentration. The implications of the study will be discussed.