Journal of System Management(JSM)

The purpose of this research is to identify the components and indicators of social marketing in small and medium businesses with a resistance economy approach. This research is philosophically positivist with an inductive approach. The current research, from the point of view of the objective, is a descriptive research that has been conducted in a mixed manner. The method of data collection in this research was library and field through interviews with 30 university experts in the fields of management and marketing, organizational experts, management and economics, including top managers, experts, professors and related in the field of management and economics, who the purposeful sampling method was chosen by snowball method. The findings of this study showed four dimensions in the form of 12 components and 46 indicators. The quality dimension has four components: "Technical quality", "Execution quality", "Communication quality" and "Marketing quality", the value dimension has two components: "functional value" and "Emotional value", the behavioral dimension has four components: "Audience cooperation". Motivational desire", "Tension tolerance" and "Customer attitude" and communication dimension are also two components of "Creativity and innovation" and "Democracy". Therefore, based on the results obtained from the research findings, it is suggested that arrangements be made based on knowledge and communication and information innovations to promote social marketing in small and medium businesses with a resistance economy approach.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of institutional quality on the export ofintermediate goods 3 by developing countries according to good, moderate, and bad institutionalquality conditions. The institutional variable included the World Bank’s average goodgovernance index. The estimation of the model was carried out using panel data for 1997-2021on a sample of 131 developing countries by the application of the Estimated Generalized LeastSquares (EGLS) method. The results show that the institutional quality has an impact on bilateralexports of developing countries only among the pairs of countries with similar conditions ofmoderate institutional quality. Thus, the governments of developing countries having moderategovernance conditions need to prioritize development and extensive reforms concerninginstitutional development to increase their exports of intermediate goods.JFL Classification: F14, O14, O24, Q58

The Prison Entrepreneurship Program is a rehabilitation program that attempts to return former illegal entrepreneurial activities to legal entrepreneurship through training and skills enhancement and providing support both in prison and after release. This paper aimed at prioritizing the implementation barriers of Prison Entrepreneurship Program from employees’ perspective, in the Kerman City Prison and the Central Department of Kerman Province Prisons. It is applied research and it is exploratory study. First, the barriers of the program extracted from its official reports. Then, the analytical tree was designed, and by considering it, the AHP questionnaire, include of 13 paired comparisons was designed and completed by 25 experts (employees of mentioned departments) which were selected by purposive sampling. After gathering preliminary data, the final weights were obtained through Expert Choice software 11. Based on the results, at the level of the criteria, the “legal barriers” with a relative weight of 0/470 won the first rank and the “financial barriers” with a relative weight of 0/280 won the second rank. At the level of alternatives, in general, the “lack of funding support” with a final weight of 0/163 won the first rank and the “criminal records” with a final weight of 0/140 won second place.

To fulfill customers' expectations in the food distribution industry, empowering salespeople is important. Therefore, this study aims to identify salespeople's competencies and construct a competency model. This research is an applied research from the perspective of its objectives, and it is conducted with a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative, respectively). Grounded theory has been used for model presentation in the qualitative section and Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect information. The data set was organized in 172 codes that included initial propositions, 16 categories at the first level, 7 categories at the second level, and 3 categorical clusters. The final result was prepared in the form of an initial theory and finally, hypotheses was tested by means of quantitative techniques, such as structural equations, descriptive statistics, and confirmatory factor analysis. A researcher-made questionnaire collected the quantitative data provided by a statistical population of 214 active salespeople in food distribution companies of Iran.

In this study, we adopt a comprehensive model to examine how different capabilities account for organizational performance. Also, mediating effects of intellectual capital were considered. A questionnaire survey was conducted to gain information about organizational capabilities and performance. Participants were professors, experts, and general managers of the faculties of economics, management, and social sciences of Shiraz Payam Noor University. Thus, this research aims to design and present a model of internal and external organizational capabilities in universities, which was done using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) based on Partial Least Squares (PLS).The results showed that market-sensing, audience knowledge, relational, and innovation capabilities positively influence intellectual capital at Shiraz Payam Noor University. Further, the results showed that intellectual capital has direct and significant influences on organizational performance. Finally, the results showed that intellectual capital has mediating effects on the relationships between organizational capabilities (market-sensing, audience knowledge, relational, and innovation) and organizational performance at Shiraz Payam Noor University. Intellectual capital is the mediator in the relationships between organizational capabilities and organizational performance. This study shows the mediating effects of intellectual capital on the relationships between organizational capability - both in external and internal dimensions - and organizational performance. Study findings benefit organizations that intend to increase organizational performance, especially organizational and educational.

The current research was conducted with the aim of providing a model of international strategic business renewal in the country's pharmaceutical industry in a combined manner in two qualitative and quantitative phases. In the first phase, the research data was obtained from in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 18 subject matter experts, including entrepreneurs, managers, and senior experts in the pharmaceutical industry in Tehran province, which was based on purposeful sampling dependent on the selection criteria and until reaching the theoretical saturation of this process continued. The validity of the research data was checked and confirmed by going back to the participants and external auditors. Data analysis was done based on the Strauss and Corbin model in the form of open, axial, and selective coding in the Atlas TI8 software. The results of the research showed that entrepreneurial, organizational, managerial, environmental, marketing, international strategy, lean supply chain, social component, organizational performance, and financial performance components are important in designing the international strategic renewal model of pharmaceutical industry businesses. In the second phase of the research, according to the managers and experts of the Ministry of Privacy, there were 681 elites of the Ministry of Privacy, of which 248 research samples were identified using Morgan's sample size table; The tool for collecting information in this section was a researcher-made questionnaire in a five-point Likert spectrum; In order to estimate the validity of the questionnaire, content validity was used using the CVR method and confirmatory factor analysis; Also, the reliability of the tool was estimated to be higher than 0.7 through Cronbach's alpha. The results showed that causal conditions with (0.39), contextual conditions with (0.55), and intervening conditions with (0.34) have an effect on strategies, and strategies have an effect on outcomes with (0.85).

Uncertainty and critical conditions have become one of the most important challenges in the world today. In order to achieve superiority in economic competition, the supply chain must be designed in such a way that it has the necessary resilience in critical situations. One of the things that can be considered in this regard is the role of social media in the resilience of the supply chain. Considering the impact that social media has on business processes and considering the rapid and significant advances in information and communication technology, the use of social media in risk situations can be very effective. This research examines the role of social media in the resilience of the digital supply chain with a hybrid approach. The results of this research include 118 open codes, 43 core codes, and 13 main categories. The 13 selected codes of this research are placed in the form of five general categories of causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, strategies, and consequences. Causal conditions include 2 selective codes, 8 concepts, and 21 open codes. The contextual conditions include 3 selected codes, 10 concepts, and 25 open codes. Intervening conditions include 2 optional codes, 7 concepts, and 21 open codes. The strategies include 2 selected codes, 7 concepts, and 19 open codes. The results include 4 selected codes, 11 concepts, and 32 open codes.

"Organizational culture" is a shared and relatively stable pattern of basic values, beliefs, and convictions in an organization. Considering the importance of organizational ethical culture in the country, and especially in public and private organizations, also considering the role of culture as a guarantee of stability in this organization. This descriptive-analytical research aims at identifying and leveling the factors affecting the organizational ethical culture in the audit firm by applying The Pairwise comparisons ISM method was performed.Method:For this purpose, by using the studies and research done in the past and also benefiting from the opinions of fifteen university professors and employees of the auditing organization, the factors affecting the organizational culture were investigated and after the final approval, 9 factors were selected. In the next steps, these factors are used in the research with the interpretive structural modeling technique and with the method of ISM pairwise comparisons and EXCEL software.Findings:Finally, among the investigated factors on "organizational ethical culture", five general levels were classified. The "Working pressure" was selected as the first level. At the second level, the parameters of "performance measurement system", "power structures", and "incentive and punishment systems" were confirmed. The third level also includes "management of educational programs" and "organizational norms". The fourth level is dedicated to "Employee Behaviors". Finally, the fifth level, the most influential parameter of "Organizational Ethical Culture", was declared to be trusted.

This research has evaluated the innovation components in information technology startups with a focus on Industry 4.0. The approach of the current research is of a qualitative type and was implemented based on the meta-composite approach. On this basis, all articles published in ISI magazines, books and internal and external theses related to the topic of innovation in the field of startups and in the period of 2015 to 2021 were examined. According to the SIP model, the researchers identified 17 concepts and 96 codes for each of the 4 categories of substrate (background), input (input), the main category of process and output (output), which were paid attention to in internal and external studies. The results of this research will help researchers and practitioners in the field of innovation in information technology startups to know what variables and components should be included in the four sectors of the platform for a comprehensive understanding of the innovation development of startups based on the 0.4 industry. Pay attention to the main category of process and output. The present study contributes to the literature on startup technology innovation in information technology and its practices and outlines desirable practices for future researchers.

Labor relations are a solution for solving organizational problems in order to solve the gaps in government organizations based on the macro policies of the administrative system. The purpose of the research is to identify and validate the drivers of labor relations for digital human resources in government organizations. The current research method is mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of philosophical presuppositions of pragmatism (pragmatism), in terms of cross-sectional data collection, and in terms of exploratory nature, researchers use purposeful sampling in the qualitative phase to collect data using From the method of theme analysis (topic) to interviews with human resource experts in the executive field in the administrative and employment organization with 15 people, they reached theoretical saturation and in the quantitative stage by using G-power specialized software using the sampling method. A simple random sampling of 155 people with the position of executive expert was selected as a sample. The tool of data collection in the qualitative stage was an interview and in the quantitative part, a questionnaire. Validity and reliability were confirmed in the qualitative phase by experts and in the quantitative phase by using composite, Cronbach, and shared reliability in Pls software. The findings of the article showed that digital communication, structural innovation, organizational factors, digital culture, employee retention, and legal factors were introduced as drivers of labor relations.

This article was conducted with the purpose of identifying the criteria of technological businesses based on cloud computing in small and medium-sized companies using the fuzzy Delphi method. The main concern of this research is to identify the criteria of technological businesses based on cloud computing in small and medium-sized businesses using the fuzzy Delphi method. It depends on mixed research (qualitative-quantitative) and collecting information through the background of previous researches and experts' opinions and the method of gathering information through questionnaires and interviews. Delphi's opinion of experts was taken. In the current research, many factors led to the formation of technological businesses; therefore, it should not be considered a simple phenomenon, and due to the intensity of electronic commerce in the world, the multi-dimensional concept of this phenomenon should be looked at more carefully.

The present study aimed to provide a model of organizational culture types affecting the perceived organizational performance according to the role of organizational learning has been done. The statistical population of this study includes the employees of the Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Agricultural Jihad Organization. The present study is practical in terms of nature and purpose, in identifying the types of organizational culture of qualitative research, and in identifying the relationships between variables in terms of research method. The statistical population in the fuzzy Delphi method was 15 experts who were sampled by a purposeful judgmental method. At the structural equation modeling, 220 employees were sampled by a simple random method. In order to collect the data, questionnaires were designed in the form of a fuzzy Delphi method and the Likert spectrum. The software used in this study is Smart PLS (version 3), SPSS (version 25), and Excel (version 2016). With the fuzzy Delphi method, between 23 dimensions identified from the literature, 14 were approved by experts. The results of the PLS method indicate that all hypotheses except the effect of the adhocracy culture, development culture, and employees supporting change according to the role of organizational learning on perceived organizational performance were confirmed. The results showed that the leadership component has the highest effect on organizational learning according to the role of organizational learning with a beta of %0.594.

Neuromarketing and its tools are an emerging and evolving field that bridges the gap between consumer behavior studies and neuroscience. These new technologies are used in the field of neuromarketing and neuroscience to observe the brain areas involved, for example, in seeing, hearing, or smelling the product. For example, functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and event-related potentials (ERP) are used to identify the active points in the consumer's brain when they see, smell, or hear the product or service being tested. How these different techniques and tools work in neuromarketing has always been somewhat confusing to marketers. This study aims to examine the research articles published on the ScienceDirect website by identifying the current state of neuromarketing tools and electroencephalography (EEG) in neuromarketing to identify research gaps and provide recommendations for the application of this technique for experimental research for marketers. Using a two-stage bibliographic methodology, we show that although "neuromarketing" is the focus of research on the ScienceDirect website, there are not many empirical studies examining electroencephalography (EEG) and the combined use of this technology in consumer behavior. However, the use of this tool to screen messages and promotional materials has received the most attention. This study highlights the limitations of a systematic investigation of EEG issues in neuromarketing by examining FMRI, EEG, and ERP technologies. It also focuses on consumer behavior, particularly online shopping decision making, website design, and consumers' physiological responses to the brand. In addition, future studies are expected to be completed by combining EEG and neuromarketing technologies.

Antecedents destructive organizational behaviors impose many direct and indirect costs on organizations, therefore, in the current situation, paying attention to it has gone beyond a choice and has become a necessity. This research was done with the aim of identifying the antecedents of destructive organizational behavior in the banking system. The type of research is developmental in terms of purpose. For this purpose, after searching the databases, 582 articles were evaluated in the field of destructive organizational behaviors between 2000 and 2022, and finally, 55 articles were selected in a targeted way and entered the analysis stage. Based on the final framework of the research, the antecedents of destructive organizational behaviors were categorized in the form of two main categories and six subcategories. The main categories resulting from the research results are: facilitating antecedents and limiting antecedents of destructive organizational behaviors. Facilitating and limiting antecedents of destructive organizational behaviors each includes three categories of behavioral, structural, and contextual facilitating and limiting factors. The obtained framework can be used as a tool for strategic planning in the field of destructive organizational behaviors.

Undoubtedly, the present is the age of organizations and custodians of these organizations are humans, humans who, by possessing the greatest source of power, that is, thinking, can create the causes of excellence, movement and growth of organizations. By integrating effective talent management strategies into their workforce programs, organizations can use proven methods and systems to properly optimize human capital resources to increase their competitive advantage and maintain their market share. In this article, the system dynamics method is used in the design of the talent management system model. In this research, using articles, library sources, and using the opinions of experts and experts of the National Petroleum Products Distribution Company, as well as academic experts in the field of talent management, cause and effect diagrams have been drawn. Vensim software has been used to design the dynamic model of the system and the variables of talent alignment, human resources empowerment, organizational strategy and talent evaluation are the accumulation variables. The talent management model is specified as the final accumulation variable. Other variables are communication skills, mental characteristics, moral values, flow variables, and finally, five scenarios were developed to analyze the talent management system.

Huge economic, social, political, and technological changes in recent decades have brought increasing complexity and decreasing predictability of organizations' environments. One of the solutions offered to deal with such environments is the agile approach to human resources. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the driving factors in human resource agility based on government policies. The current research is developmental in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of the method with a combined (qualitative and quantitative) approach. The research community in the qualitative part included professors, experts in the field of human resources, and senior managers of the human resources department, and in the quantitative part, the senior and middle managers of the country's tax affairs organization who had a bachelor's degree or higher. Relevant data were extracted from theoretical literature and semi-structured open interviews in the qualitative section. The tool for data collection was a researcher-made questionnaire in the quantitative part. The results of the qualitative part led to the identification of 13 main categories, which are categorized into four main clusters (The propellants of human resource agility, Human resource agility policies, operational components of human resource agility, and Results and Functions of human resource agility) and became a five-point Likert scale questionnaire. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that all items have a significant relationship with the structure and the proposed structural model has a good fit. The results of the path analysis showed that the operational components of human resource agility have a mediating role in the relationship between the drivers of human resource agility and the results and functions of human resource agility. Human resource agility policies have a mediating role in the relationship between the propellants of human resource agility and the results and performance of human resource agility.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to optimize Cost & time in the three echelon supply chain (SC) network. This paper developed a linear programing (LP) model to consider economic data. Design/methodology/approach – The overall objective of the present study is to use high-quality raw materials, at the same time in post COVID 19 pandemic and the highest profitability is achieved. The model in the problem is solved using two metaheuristic algorithms, namely, Cuckoo and Genetic. Optimization of supply chain performance indicators in minimization of cost and time and maximization of sustainability indexes of the system. Findings – The differences found between the genetic algorithms (GAs) and the LP approaches can be explained by handling the constraints and their various logics. To deal with ambiguity in the reverse logistics network, a fuzzy approach has been applied. To solve the problem in large dimensions, meta-heuristic algorithms of Cuckoo and Genetic were employed by applying MATLAB software. In order to compare two optimization algorithms, a series of sample problems have been generated then the results of two algorithms were compared and superiority of each of them was discussed.