درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Today, management requires a new approach in the areas of production planning and operations process with a cost management approach. Organizations and industrial units to lead their lives, by recognizing the impact points of the challenges ahead and positive impact, guide and lead them to advance the goals of the organization. Economic dispatching with particle swarm optimization algorithm approach is an approach in the field of industrial units. Dispatching tries to determine the share of production capacity in a way that optimizes the overall performance of the system economically and improve system performance, including: production and process planning, supply and demand balance, cost management, productivity growth, optimal allocation of resources according to the capacity of tanks, formulation of production and operational strategies, the impact on the strategic vision document. In this research, an attempt has been made to perform economic dispatching with the approach of particle swarm optimization algorithm with hypothetical information to measure the feasibility of implementation and its impact on the overall performance of the system and production process and operations.

Shadow banking is a term that came out of the financial crisis of 2007-2009. There is a belief that shadow banking was one of the crisis reasons. Because the excessive expansion of shadow banking endangers the financial stability of countries, this paper examines the impact of shadow banking on financial stability using data from 14 countries of the G20 during 2002-2018. We divided countries into four groups according to the level of shadow banking activity; then, we employed the quantile regression method. The results indicated that shadow banking hurts financial stability (positive impact on financial instability) in countries with a high shadow banking index (fourth group countries). One unit of increase in the shadow banking index increases financial instability in the fourth group countries (high shadow banking) by 1.6 units. But in countries where shadow banking is not very strong (other three groups), shadow banking does not significantly affect financial stability.

In recent decades, many countries have improved systematic control over monetary policy and stabilized inflation at moderate levels. There is a great literature on how to conduct a monetary policy. A lot of macroeconomists (for example Taylor, McCallum, Woodford and others) proposed specific monetary policy strategies, regimes and rules. This paper considers a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE), and two basic factors have been applied. The first one is a belief that monetary policy has impact on real economic activity in the short run. This effect comes from the presence of rigidities, which give rise to non-neutral effects of a monetary policy. The second factor is a considerable improvement under theoretical frameworks used for monetary policy analysis. The research also presents a sensitivity analysis of the optimal rules to deep structural parameters and investigate properties of an optimal simple rule with respect to prevailing type of shocks. Finally, the study highlights how an optimal policy rule depends on model structure, on the model calibration and nominal rigidities. According to the research findings, based on the theoretical expectations, the effect of a positive shock inflicted on the government investment leads to increase and gradual accumulation of fixed capital formation in the public sector. Among estimated parameters consumption is first affected and reduces, then employment increases consequently, finally production will also be affected. Also with the shock of oil revenues, increased oil revenues results in public investment at first, because the increase in oil revenues, the government increases development expenditure. Though increase in development expenditure is more than Increase in current expenditure. Enhancing development expenditure & construction spending causes total spending increase and as a result of increased production of oil income, consumption and total investment will rise. This increase leads to inflation too. Though by increasing the inflation resulted from oil revenues, the monetary authority will react through reducing the growth rate of the monetary base.

The innovation ecosystem plays a valuable role in the development of innovation and entrepreneurship. The emergence of an innovation-based economy requires the development of an innovation ecosystem in the context of the region. In most countries, especially less developed countries, the ecosystem is not properly formed and the first step to its formation is the theoretical and experimental knowledge of this area. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the dimensions and components of the innovation ecosystem. We applied bibliometric method, citation analysis, applied evaluation techniques and content analysis of documents in this research. The purpose of this research is to review studies in this field and to present a conceptual and integrated model using content analysis of documents by organizing previous research. The statistical population of this research includes all the documents presented in the Web of Science database with 438 documents related to the innovation ecosystem until 2020 and has been evaluated and illustrated using VOS viewer software. Based on the content analysis of the documents, research on the "innovation ecosystem" is divided into five sections. The first part of the research is related to the structural factors. The second part is related to the type of the relationships and interactions, and the third part is related to the results. The fourth part is about the actors and the fifth part is about how they have performed. Finally, the conceptual framework of the research is presented based on the content analysis of the documents

Oil and Gas projects as are very complicated. A wide range of risks are included in oil and gas projects and contracts. Different aspects of risks can be addressed in a risk management process which assessment, efficient distribution and allocation of contractual risks are of a high importance. Many researches have studied the Project Risk Management in oil and gas industries with focus on legal and contractual risks aiming to reach to an optimal risk distribution which does not necessarily mean to have a complete contract. In this article with the goal of reviewing contractual risk allocation in Usance finance contracts, a thorough study has been done on related researches and then a complete review has been done on different contracts in Downstream petrochemical projects. Concentration on used risk management mechanisms in both cases and related risks shows severe issues and bugs in both contracts. Some contractual risks are not addressed at all and the case contracts are not balanced in the view of contractual risks distribution.