International Journal of Business and Development Studies

Happiness is the main goal and the pursuit of happiness is inherent in human nature. The main aim of this study has been to estimate the effects of demographic variables, such as Fertility rate, Marriage rate, and Divorce rate on Happiness. The GDP per capita, Inflation and Unemployment are used as the control variables. In order to estimate the effects, we have used panel data including 21 selected countries with different characteristics (Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia, Sweden, Turkey, United States, Romania, and Iran), for the period 2008 to 2017 are used. Concerning the F-Limer (Chow) and the Husman tests, the fixed panel Approach is used. The estimations results using panel methods with fixed effects indicates that the effects of fertility rate and GDP per capita on happiness are positive, but the effects of divorce rate and unemployment on happiness are significant and negative. The effect of inflation is positive and the effect of marriage rate is negative, but neither is significant.

With the advent and growth of Islamic banking, various researches have been performed to analyze the performance and mechanisms of regulatory rules of this industry. Due to the special role of banks in the economic systems of countries and the world, significant regulatory and control rules were used. In the meantime, the commitment to implement the rules of the Basel II Capital Accord as the most important international agreement to ensure banking health is of particular importance, and among all the issues raised in this agreement, compliance with the minimum capital adequacy has been considered by many researches. One of the most important questions in this area is whether the Basel method of calculation and the minimum rate (8%) is appropriate for the Islamic banking system? To answer this question, this study has calculated the capital adequacy ratio for Islamic banks of Iran and by modeling its effect on the bank’ profit efficiency, as the most important incentive indicator for banks, has estimated an optimal rate these banks. 

The stock market, as a symbol of the capital market, is one of the most important sectors of the economy of any country and, unlike the money market, is responsible for the long-term financing of corporate capital. The capital market collects funds from surplus sectors and channels them to institutions that need financing. This study investigates the feasibility of establishing a market for the Kabul Stock Exchange. It is a survey in terms of nature and descriptive method and is applied in relation to the purpose. For the feasibility study of the present study, six platforms were identified using Delphi method. Non-random and purposive sampling was used, and according to Morgan’s table, 180 people were selected from three groups of university professors, experts from the ministries of Finance, Economy, Trade and Industry, the Central Bank and a number of people in Kabul. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Delphi method and Cronbach’s alpha test. SPSS statistical software was used to analyze the data. From the results of one-sample t-test, it can be seen that all H1’s sub-hypotheses were confirmed in relation to the six platforms, which means that in the current situation, Kabul city is not in a favorable situation in terms of infrastructure and requirements for legal, economic, technical and technological, cultural, social and human capital platforms for the establishment of the stock market, and the conditions for the establishment of Kabul Stock Exchange do not exist. The Friedman test showed that the degree of readiness for the establishment of Kabul Stock Exchange depended on the human capital, economic, legal, cultural, technical and technological or social platforms.

This study was carried out aimed to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the acceptance of electronic services from the perspective of the Iranian citizens. The present study is considered as an applied-developmental research in terms of purpose and qualitative and quantitative research in terms of method. Library studies, interviews, and questionnaires were used to collect data. The questionnaire had face validity and Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability were used to estimate its reliability. The statistical population related to the qualitative study, included professors in the field of e-government and active executive experts working in the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, the Administrative and Employment Organization, and the Management and Planning Organization are 17 people who were selected using targeted snowball sampling. The statistical population related to the quantitative study, included the Iranian citizens, 384 people were selected from the infinite population according to Morgan's table and were examined according to the infinite statistical population. LISREL software, SPSS and one-sample t-test were used to analyze the data. According to the results, the factor of citizens 'efficiency, perceived usefulness, perceived ease have the greatest impact on the acceptance of electronic services from the citizens' point of view, respectively.

In the developed world, capital markets are mentioned as one of the economic growth resources, and the fair distribution of wealth and also increasing per capita income. By attracting the micro capital of the society, while employ micro capitals in production, also generate income for real and legal shareholders. Another positive effects for this market is the absorption of market liquidity ,which is one of the main reasons for inflation in countries.One of the components that always causes the stock market to fluctuate is the price of oil. In countries such as Iran , which are heavily  dependent on oil revenues.Fluctuation in  oil prices and the stock market are more exposd to government interventions.Accordingly, in present study using the monthly data for the years from 2012 to 2019 with the method of Nonlinear Cointegrating Autoregressive Distributed Lag ,has been tried to test asymmetry in effectiveness.Research results show that fluctuation in oil prices ,exchange rate, money supply and consumer price index fluctuation in oil prices ,exchange rate, money supply and consumer price index can be effective among the channels in the stock market.Also, fluctuation in oil prices and asymmetric exchange rate and consumer price index and money supply are reported symmetrically.

People's work and personal life are not two separate categories, but a concept and should be considered together; because considering them separately causes us to have an incomplete understanding of both. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to design a model for work-life balance of employees of the National Iranian Gas Company. The present research is applied in terms of orientation, descriptive in terms of purpose and survey in terms of strategy. In this study, using Delphi technique, the opinions of 15 experts on the factors affecting the balance of family work were identified based on the roadmap programs for reforming the administrative system of the country and 33 indicators. The sample size was 219 official employees and 61 contract employees of the official and contract employees of the National Iranian Gas Company (main company). Using confirmatory factor analysis, the mentioned dimensions were evaluated and tested. From the results of DEMETEL technique, it was observed that the factors related to monitoring, evaluation and development of organizational culture had the most relationship with other factors. The index of organizational culture development has the most impact and the factor of human capital has the least impact. The role and structure engineering index is the most influential in the next degree. Also, the criterion of factors related to management factors and technologies is very influential. The criterion of organizational culture development is also the least affected by other criteria. Engineering criteria role and structure have the highest impact and impact with other criteria studied. The criterion of human capital factors has the least impact with other variables. In this model, the criteria of engineering role and structure, development of organizational culture and monitoring and evaluation of the variable are causal and the rest are disabled.

Identification of persistence component of inflation and prediction about future inflation structure is a crucial ingredient of an inflation targeting strategies or other related monetary policies. Monetary policy makers perform this task by extracting the measure known as “core inflation”. This measure is a good indicator for tracking trend of inflation and forecasting future inflation. Measures of core inflation was developed by using wavelet methods in our research. The maximum overlap discrete wavelet transformation (MOWT) and multi resolution analysis (MRA) methods are performed for extracting core inflation in period 1381(1)-1400(3) in Iran by monthly data. Using this methods is relatively new in the literature and are ideally appropriated for this task. The best wavelet in each wavelet families choose in accordance with Shannon entropy and logarithm of energy. On the other hand the properties of wavelet-based core inflation measure was evaluated by some tests. The results reveal that our new measure is more superior to the traditional approaches that used in previous studies in Iran.       

In recent decades, many countries have improved systematic control over monetary policy and stabilized inflation at moderate levels. There is a great literature on how to conduct a monetary policy. A lot of macroeconomists (for example Taylor, McCallum, Woodford and others) proposed specific monetary policy strategies, regimes and rules. This paper considers a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE), and two basic factors have been applied. The first one is a belief that monetary policy has impact on real economic activity in the short run. This effect comes from the presence of rigidities, which give rise to non-neutral effects of a monetary policy. The second factor is a considerable improvement under theoretical frameworks used for monetary policy analysis. The research also presents a sensitivity analysis of the optimal rules to deep structural parameters and investigate properties of an optimal simple rule with respect to prevailing type of shocks. Finally, the study highlights how an optimal policy rule depends on model structure, on the model calibration and nominal rigidities. According to the research findings, based on the theoretical expectations, the effect of a positive shock inflicted on the government investment leads to increase and gradual accumulation of fixed capital formation in the public sector. Among estimated parameters consumption is first affected and reduces, then employment increases consequently, finally production will also be affected. Also with the shock of oil revenues, increased oil revenues results in public investment at first, because the increase in oil revenues, the government increases development expenditure. Though increase in development expenditure is more than Increase in current expenditure. Enhancing development expenditure & construction spending causes total spending increase and as a result of increased production of oil income, consumption and total investment will rise. This increase leads to inflation too. Though by increasing the inflation resulted from oil revenues, the monetary authority will react through reducing the growth rate of the monetary base.

In this paper, trade relationship between Iran and its main trading partners based on Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek (H-O-V) theory is studied in order to evaluate the development of trade relationship in export factor intensity framework. Considering several production factors such as labor, physical capital, knowledge capital, R&D expenditures, productivity and energy as countries export factor content from 1990 to 2020 is the innovation of the study. Regarding the role of R&D expenditures in trade expansion, it seems there is an allocation gap of this resource between developed and developing countries in order to benefit from the identical distribution, while the empirical findings available in the trade literature implies also unpredictable impact of the R&D expenditure variable on trade flows. Therefore, the analysis of this variable effect on trade flows is not limited to a parametric relationship. Nevertheless, other factors such as labor and capital have distinct and parametric effects on trade relations, so that a semiparametric method has been applied to the model of Iran’s export supply in relation with its trading partners. The empirical results showed that productivity, human capital, and knowledge capital, which are the main trade factor content, have the most impacts on Iran export flows and its trading partners. Additionally, the nonparametric part of the model implies that a higher percentage of R&D expenditures affects significantly Iran’s export flows in a higher rate.