درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Exploitation, Exploration and Extraction of the Area resources are subject to the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea are bound by its provisions to develop the Area economic activities. All states have a duty to prevent harm to the environment including the marine environment. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea has general and ambiguous rules for the support of member states for the operation of sponsored contractors in Area. States are worried that they would be liable by sponsoring contractors from their Area’s actions. Eliminating the ambiguity of this concern is issue of Advisory Opinion that has been requested from the Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal Law of the Sea to interpret the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The main question is what are the obligations of the Sponsoring State in supporting the activities of the contractor in the Area based on Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal Law of the Sea’s Advisory Opinion? Research findings show that Judges interpret the main concepts outlined in Part XI and XII of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, including due diligence, obligation to ensure, and obligation to achieve, argued that the Sponsoring State’s obligations to the Sponsored Contractor’s activities are obligation to ensure. The Sponsoring State advocates for the contractor to comply with the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the contracting parties, use appropriate instruments and endeavor to achieve maximum results and achieve these goals. Under these conditions, the responsibility for the damage by Sponsored Contractor to the Area environment is not borne to the Sponsoring State.

With the increasing development of the shipbuilding industry in the global arena, the need for the presence of foreign companies in this field and especially investment in it was felt more than ever. The benefits of the presence of foreigners and the existence of sanctions against Iran gave special importance to how the contract was concluded. However, considering that the contract is considered an indefinite contract and its limits and limits are agreed upon between the parties according to the freedom of will (Article 10 of the Civil Code of Iran). In this research, we considered the conditions of the representative and the duties of its parties against the third party to be important and examined. The authors have tried to process the subject by using a descriptive-analytical research method and library data collection method. What was obtained from this research is the need to pay attention to the representative's behavior and the limits of authority granted to the representative by the principle. Considering all the aspects mentioned in this research, a relatively reliable contract can be concluded.

The naval conflict has undergone many changes due to environmental factors and various tools, as well as the increasing growth and development of marine technologies, aligned with the inclusion of new tools and methods in naval conflict and electronic warfare at sea. The procedure taken by countries indicates the acceptance of electronic warfare as one of the methods and tools of agreed warfare. However, from the perspective of international humanitarian law, the use of electronic warfare tools and methods is challenging, and international treaty law lacks a legal rule regarding this method of warfare. Indeed, the only guideline that has sought to regulate electronic warfare is the Air and Missile Warfare Directive, which imposes no legal requirements on governments. So the question we are going to answer in this brief is that, can humanitarian law be applied to electronic warfare? The purpose of this study is to explain and investigate the various dimensions of naval electronic warfare from the perspective of international humanitarian law, and proving that international humanitarian law can be applied to the methods and tools of electronic warfare at sea. The research method selected for the present paper is an analytical-explanatory method and the data collection method used is the library research method.

Integrating application systems based in organizations creates coordination and interaction between people and organizational units and hardware, software, and database infrastructures. This optimal solution integration results in achieving process maturity and creating suitable conditions for making strategic decisions at management levels to improve organizational performance. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a native executive method for integrating organizational application systems at the management level following the characteristics of Iranian government organizations and their execution in a marine organization platform as a case study. V method was used as a methodology in the execution algorithm for integrating organizational application systems. The effectiveness of the proposed method was proved through a case study and its execution in the real world in the framework of a government organization. The executive method explained for the integration of application systems in the field of defense management was implemented as a case study. This method became native to the marine industry and is suitable for use at the management levels of marine organizations. The advantages and achievements of using this executive method in a case study are 1) Improving the flow of data and information, 2) Increasing the ability to interpret data and information, 3) Reducing the costs of implementing, using, developing, and maintaining databases and organizational application systems, 4) Increasing flexibility and productivity of business processes, and 5) Integration and automation of processes is desirable.

The increase in sea traffic with commercial ships, warships, and submarines, followed by the spread of pollution of the seas in the last century, has not only led to the threat and destruction of vital resources and marine habitats but also a source of tension and conflict between units and actors. It has provided political and can be a threat to the world community. Despite Legal requirements, pollution in the seas is increasing. The sovereignty-oriented nature of marine pollution legal requirements is one of the most important reasons for governments' reluctance to implement regulations related to marine pollution because the development of rules in this field, as well as the implementation of regulations related to marine pollution, are still within the scope of governments' satisfaction. Considering the importance of protecting the marine environment, this research deals with the scope of the coastal government's competence to deal with marine pollution using a descriptive-analytical method and with the help of library data and international documents. The findings of the research show that although the instrumental use of the concept of national sovereignty has created the basis for the pollution of the seas, Recent developments in the field of international law of the sea, such as the drafting of Article 3 of the Convention on Interference in the High Seas and paragraph one of Article 218 of the Convention on the Law of the Sea, indicate the extraterritorial expansion of the jurisdiction of coastal states to deal with marine pollution, although in a limited way.

Maritime transport has become significant as the backbone of global trade and, consequently, globalization, which is the basis of the globalizing project of the economy, which, with an attitude of dependence on the development of countries and the international maritime trade, lends more importance to maritime trade. Securing maritime trade, with the emergence of recent insecurity as the most important concern for the countries that benefit from this, is one of the most important options for world trade due to its high transport capability, low cost and ease of transportation. As a result of the vast dependence of countries on maritime trade, there are various problems, such as piracy and environmental pollution, which, in turn, has become a global downfall. Modern piracy has new patterns. Although the nature of the crime is the very essence of this activity, the context for replacing these changes is to be considered. Piracy and robbery not only can stop the logistics chain from leading to economic consequences, but also it will lead to the loss of life, short-term and long-term health problems for seafarers and travelers; the consequences that require more analysis. In this article, we have tried to investigate the history of piracy and analyze the pathology of this global problem and provide solutions for the issue.