درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose: Citizenship education system in any country is influenced by a set of cultural, social, economic and infrastructural factors, each of which, in turn, plays a vital role in shaping and using electronic services. It is also one of the most comprehensive topics in e-government projects for educating the citizenry. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of higher education institutions in education development and awareness of electronic services in citizens of Gorgan, Iran. Materials and method: For this purpose, the research method was descriptive-survey of the applied type. Questionnaires have been used to collect data. Findings: The results of this study indicated that the significance was reached to 99% among the factors influencing the increase of citizens' awareness and education in using electronic services among citizens of Gorgan, Iran in all indicators. Discussion: Also, using the VIKOR model, it was found that Golestan universities of agriculture and natural resources had the most impact among other higher education institutions to educate citizens about the use of electronic services. Finally, practical proposals have been made to increase the relationship between higher education institutions and citizens in the use of e-services.

Abstract purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of therapeutic reality on decreasing Emotional Disorders of Emotional Divorce Women. Method: The research method was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest design, control and follow-up group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all women referring to counseling centers of Tehran in 1395 in 150 people who were emotionally divorced according to Gateman's 1998 emotional divorce questionnaire and 30 of them were randomly selected and replaced with random assignment and age matching in two groups (experimental and control group). Both groups responded to a difficult questionnaire as posttest for excitement regulation by Graz and Roemer (2004) after answering both groups a difficult questionnaire as posttest for excitement regulation by Graz and Roemer as a Pre-test and 8 Session selection Teaching Theory for the experimental group. The research was analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. Results: The use of bonferroni post hoc test showed that the implementation of the independent variable led to a decrease in the mean of emotional non-ordering components including: Emotional responses rejection (p<0.05, SE-1.569, ∆x̄ - 4.380), difficulty in conducting purposeful behavior (p <0.01, SE = 9.68, ∆x̄ = 7.281) difficulty in impulse control (p<0.01, SE = 0.814, ∆x̄ =8.900 ) lack of emotional awareness(p<0.01, SE = 1.140, ∆x̄ =12.347 ) limited access to emotion regulation strategies(p<0.01, SE = 1.140, ∆x̄ =12.347 ) the lack of clarity of emotion in the experimental group compared to the control group(p<0.01, SE = 0.691, ∆x̄ =2.904 ).

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to design and validation of a desirable model for developing critical thinking in the first-grade high school curriculum based on the upper documents of education in Iran. Methodology: This research is an evaluation study which the field research has been used in doing that. In this study, three methods were used to collect data. With reviewing the literature review of the research, the components of common critical though by various theorists and researchers were specified then, the national curriculum was analyzed with respect to the components of critical though. In the next step, the proposed model was designed and validated according to the components emphasized in the upper documents. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for validation. The research community consists of all curriculum practitioners who are as permanent members in Iranian Student Planning Association (500 people). In this research, simple random sampling method was used for sample selection and Morgan table was used to determine the sample size (217 ones). Findings: In addition to descriptive statistics, Chi-square method with an acceptable error rate of 0.05 was used for data analysis. The results of the research indicate that all the hypotheses and the appropriateness of the proposed model have been confirmed by specialists. Discussion: According to the results of the research Reviewing the objectives, content, learning activities and evaluation practices in Iranian first-grade high school education system with emphasis on developing the critical thinking in students can be proposed.

Today, the overcrowding of prison populations has caused serious problems in all societies so that in many ways undermined the correctional and educational achievements. In many countries of the world, the overcrowding population of prisoners has brought nothing except huge costs, an impediment to the public order of the prison, conflict, riot, strike, etc. It has made the authorities to take steps to reduce the prison population. The prison sentence for any form of criminal behavior that is determined arbitrarily neither based on scientific logic nor on the basis of the personality characteristics of individuals and entities of society, on the one hand, causes the increase of the prison population and represents an ugly face of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the world and, on the other hand, causes the family of prisoners to be wandered and overwhelmed by the effects and consequences of this punishment. It is impossible to deny the prison functions because it has punitive and corrective functions so that multiple objectives can be achieved by its implementation. Therefore, it cannot be ignored totally. Imprisonment is still considered as a solution, and if it turns to be a problem in some cases, it is due to other factors and conditions that need to be addressed and improved. If imprisonment is used logically, then it will be effective and will certainly not be problematic. In particular, it should be emphasized that non-criminal solutions and imprisonment alternatives will be effective when it is used in place. Accordingly, the penal policy in post-revolutionary penal law has contributed to the increased prison population by imposing ineffective and prison-based laws in the general section, and also by increasing the criminalization and determination imprisonment as the dominant type of punishment in the section of general laws defining punishment with increasing crime However, following the problems and corruptions as well as the need for resolving this challenge, the legislature took steps to change its legislative penal policy through the Islamic Penal Code of 2013 in accordance with the inspirations and solutions of international organizations. It resulted in the reduction of imprisonment and consideration of prison as the last punishment.