درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

In the burst of sophisticated platforms, it reached its peak where people worship and preach their rights of freedom of speech.  We witnessed a subsequent arose issue where people questioned the imposed restrictions on them in the realm of social media platforms by the authority. Nonetheless, the merely conferred freedom of speech will bring public disharmony. It was because people are exposed to and choose to be permeated by personal media applications. Thus, via the platforms, people are inclined to voice, issue and navigate their statements based on feelings, thoughts, and opinions without contemplating the effects and rationale of it. Normally, the statement is controversial while dripping at the edge of the sensitive topic while creating social disharmony and triggering social bonding. Thus, principle of Social Contract was brought in order to justify the restrictions imposed by the authority. At the same time, people used Social Contract as a defense to uphold their rights. Nevertheless, it may lead to numerous problems with the absence of restrictions. Besides, Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, Instagram and etc. were the examples of personal media platforms the writer referred to. Thus, the thrust of the paper is to examine to what extent the government may impose restrictions on their citizens via personal media platforms in relation to Social Contracts and the right of freedom of speech. Thus, the writers will conduct the paper through a qualitative approach which is a pure literature review. The gist of limitation is where the personal media platform would be focused, and restrictions referred to which were imposed by the governmental authorities instead of the personal media administrator. The The paper suggests that, notwithstanding the conventional Social Contract theory, the writers argued that the restrictions shall be imposed on personal media users.

Looking at the studies and analyses conducted in the field of Iran's issues with the world, we see the ignorance of Iran's geopolitical aspect. The concern of the present study is why Iran, despite its geopolitical importance, is always analyzed in terms of ideology and political Islam in the international arena? However, given the current geopolitical components and even its future geopolitical advantages, Iran has a potential and actual position and importance at the regional and international levels. The purpose of this study is, first, to highlight the more deliberate neglect of Iran's geopolitical aspect as an existing problem and to show some of its most important effects, and second, to highlight the geopolitical nature of Iran. The data collection method is descriptive-analytical, and they have been analyzed in the framework of the theory of "Geopolitics: The Impact of Politics on Geography" and the analytical framework of "Hermeneutics of Reflection". Based on the analysis of the effects of Iran's geopolitical neglect and with a look at the historical course (contemporary history), the research findings are a set of "historical" and "geopolitical" symbols and signs revealing the importance and determination of Iran's geopolitics, its precedence on political, ideological, cultural aspects, and the error of degradation in terms of geoculture. The result of this study is to ignore Iran's geopolitical aspect, reduce Iran's effective acting power in the international arena by introducing it more as an ideological actor, and put all the pressure on the Islamic Revolution, political Islam and the Islamic State.

Understanding the "security environment" is one of the main pillars of countries' security strategy. Unless a country's "security environment" is defined, any security planing will be useless. The "security environment" is usually assessed in terms of threats to that environment, but Shiping Tang in his famous article entitled "systemic Theory of the Security Environment ", offers a new approach to defining the 'security environment'. According to it, the "security environment" is considered as a "system" that is formed by several factors. In this study, while introducing the main parts of Tang’s theory, it examines five indicators "permeability of geographical barriers", "power of State", "behave with self-restraint", "robust constraint behalf international structure (structural constraints)" and "dominance of defense" that he presents about the good security environment of a country, is discussed and while examining the above five indicators, it is concluded that the "security environment" of the Islamic Republic of Iran is good (or desirable) and the likelihood of war is low. The purpose of this study is to apply a system-oriented theory in order to understand the security environment of the Islamic Republic of Iran in order to manage the threats posed by that environment by understanding the "security environment". The necessity of research also stems from the use of a system-oriented approach that has received less attention, because the theoretical effort of researchers has been focused on using the traditional threat-identifying approach in order to understand the security environment of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The Middle East today can be considered an area with the features of chaos due to its geopolitical structure, complex historical identity and decades of crisis. In this volatile area, security has undergone an extensive alteration, and the Islamic Republic of Iran, as a major actor and historical activist, needs certain behavioral patterns to correspond to the situations and trends of security chaos. The present paper seeks to identify the elements of Iran's regional behavioral patterns in the Middle East security chaos. It is hypothesized that Iran needs to take advantage of patterns of constructive interaction, balancing, geopolitical stability, and Interactive Order-Building to play a regional role in this chaos. A descriptive-analytical method and theoretical modeling is employed to account for the historical process of chaos in the Middle East and Iran's chaos management model in foreign policy.

In the present study, the impact of U.S. foreign policy strategies on Iran's regional power and influence is investigated. The main question is how U.S. foreign policy strategies on the Middle East and Iran during George W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump's presidencies affected Iran's regional power and influence. The hypothesis is that various principles and strategies of U.S. foreign policy during Bush, Obama and Trump administrations have led to the greater regional power and influence of Iran. In order to test this hypothesis, after investigating the historical context and selecting a conceptual framework, the impact of U.S. foreign policy on Iran's regional power and influence has been studied. Next, the impact of the U.S. foreign policy strategy on Iran’s regional power and influence, such as aims, interests, behaviors, actions, costs, achievements, effects, and implications are analyzed.

Voting is one of the most significant ways for individuals to make a say in the government’s decision-making. A ballot is the bedrock to democracy which may be also argued as a formal expression of choice for a candidate or a proposed solution to an issue. The low turnout rate in the recent Malaysian by-election in Johor, Malacca and Sarawak as well as the 15th General Election (GE15) has led to the discussion on the rights to vote and not to vote. The primary issue to be addressed in this article is whether the right not to vote violates morality in the political context and whether or not such a right constitutes freedom of expression. Furthermore, the relationship between the state and the people will also be studied further in order to determine the responsibilities of the people. The primary objective of this article is to determine the relationship between low voter turnout rates from certain groups of communities and the validity of their decision to vote or not to vote in a legal and moral paradigm. The authors will collect data from primary and secondary sources such as books and journals related to the right to vote and not to vote in different political systems. The authors will also analyze data from books, journals, articles and more to make reasonable comparisons between the democratic system in Malaysia and in other countries that discuss the right not to vote. 

The Malaysian judiciary is deeply connected with political influence in reality. Malaysia’s democratic system follows upon a government in charge of administration of the country, and has rights to take part in amendments and legislating process of constitutional provisions. Furthermore, the 1988 crisis marked the beginning of the judiciary’s darkest path where the Lord President, Tun Salleh Abas was being removed for the sake of the ruling party at that time. In 2008, the Malaysian government under the former Prime Minister Mahathir Muhammad influenced the judicial institution through constitutional amendment. This paper seeks to address the issues arised through judicial decision making by influence of politics, in ethics, jurisprudence theory and critique on its appropriation to allow political judgement and how Malaysia has overcome the crisis of judicial independence. Our findings conclude that Malaysia has made proper attempts to combat corruption and political influence in the judiciary institution. Although public perception has yet to prevail, in years to come the integrity in the judiciary will increase as the current judicial administration under Yang Amat Arif Tun Tengku Maimun binti Tuan Mat illustrates an honest and fair view of the law for all.

With the complexity of the international system and being in a state of transition, the evolution of regional systems and the foreign policy of countries requires structural adaptation to the strategic requirements of such a transition. What springs from these developments is that the classical analytical thinking of regionalism and the linear conception of foreign policy does not meet the complexities of the uncertainty age. Therefore, this fundamental question has been raised as the present study's direct engagement: How will Iran's foreign policy strategy as a multi-neighboring country with diverse and heterogeneous ones be reconstructed in the context of a complex international system? The paper's major reason lies in multiplex networked regionalism that will serve us as a suitable theoretical model so well to go beyond the linear thinking to the region and outline proactive regionalism based on multi-neighborhood foreign policy. Research findings by using the abduction method, show that drawing Iran's multiplex networked regionalism requires putting innovative and adaptive strategic diplomacy on the agenda and drawing a strategic partner’s map based on smart synerg, which emphasizes the equifinality and dynamic equilibrium between Geopolitics, Geo-economics, and Geo-cultural dynamics.

The constant economic inflation worries our society, especially our government, as the citizens pressured them. Not to mention how the price influx in the market causes employers to find alternative routes to keep their business alive. Throughout the century, the effect of the free-market economy has been debated. Free market systems build on the principle of no intervention from the government. Will zero government help the market economy, and will the concept of freedom in the free market give justice to the employer and employee? Through doctrinal research, this paper aims to study the relationship between the free market and the employment contract based on social justice theory. As a result, this paper tracked down primary and secondary sources from journal archives and online databases related to employment contracts. International philosophers and judicial views also examined Malaysian legal perspectives on social justice and employment contracts. This paper uses empirical research to discuss the effects of the market system on social justice in employment contracts. The main findings are the following: (1) a free-market system is a system that enables a firm to market its products in a way that does not interfere with one's economic freedom; (2) the exploitation of cheap labor has become one of the main strategies for businesses to maximize advantages; (3) the vulnerability of workers from economic theory demands employers to pay decent wages in exchange for labor demand; and (4) the social injustice issues that have arisen due to this liberalization