مطالب مرتبط با کلیدواژه
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Corruption
حوزه های تخصصی:
Quite often shadow economy (SE) and corruption are seen as ""twins"", which need each other or fight against each other and theoretically can be either complements or substitutes. Therefore, the relationship between SE and corruption has been a controversial and polemical issue and in the spotlight of a remarkable collection of economists and social researchers.
The main objective of this study can be served as an investigation and identification of the effect of corruption on SE and its dependence on the level of development. To test our two hypothesis , the econometric panel-data approach is employed for the period of 1999 to 2007 in two blocks of 25 countries containing high-developed and developing countries (including I.R.IRAN) under deferent indexes for corruption in the context of Static and Dynamic panel regression models(by using of 2SLS and GMM methods of estimation).
The results of estimations specially based on dynamic panel models indicate that our two hypotheses cannot be rejected and corruption has a significant effect on SE depending on the level of development. Despite of these findings, our results show that there is no robust relationship between corruption and the size of the SE in terms of the sign and the nature of these effects. In other words, the relationship will vary according to different corruption indexes and estimation methods. Other findings have been described in the terminal sector of paper.
Social Media and Politics: Examining Indonesians’ Political Knowledge on Facebook
حوزه های تخصصی:
The Internet and social media have played a significant role in contemporary
political sphere of Indonesia. In particular, they have been widely used
for political activism and discussion; but whether the discussions are
constructive is another issue. Constructive political discussion requires
several preconditions; one of the most important requirements is rational
reasoning. Citizens must be equipped with some degree of political
knowledge and competency to provide reasonable arguments and
justifications in discussions. The primary objective of this paper is to examine
the level of political knowledge of Indonesian Facebookers regarding
corruption which is currently a serious issue in Indonesia. An online survey
was conducted among the most active users of an anti-corruption Facebook
group of Indonesians. The results of the study generally suggested that the
participants were well informed about the current affairs of their society
and showed a high level of political knowledge in terms of the Corruption
Eradication Commission and also the incumbent politicians; however, the
results indicated a low level of knowledge regarding laws and regulations
surrounding corruption as well as the issues related to the former politicians.
Impact of Economic Transparency on Economic Growth in the Middle East countries(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
Economic transparency will lead to economic stability and corruption decline. Thus the shortage of transparency mechanisms, laws and procedures will raise corruption and make it tough to cutout corruption. Also, loss of transparency in financial and economic system creates to instability, inappropriate allocation of resources, the boom of injustice and inequality and as a result paves the way for all sorts of financial and economic corruption and misuse. The greater transparency economic growth, the lower the cost of entry into economics and accordingly with rising economic competitiveness, the condition for development and economic growth will be advanced. So, considering the vital role of transparency in economics, this study first explores transparency and corruption then with the panel data, looks at the relation between economic transparency and economic growth in Middle East countries over the last 13 years (2003-2015). In other words, this paper aims to show how the transparency variable influences economic growth. The specific purpose is to find out whether there is a positive or negative connection between transparency and economic advancement in the countries under investigation. The results of the research show that the relation between transparency and economic growth in the Middle East countries is direct and significant. Also the relation between gross capital formation and labor force participation is direct and significant with the economic growth of these countries.
Political Stability, Corruption, Democracy and Terrorism In the Middle East and North Africa(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
Terrorism has been considered as a challenge with serious effect in the world as a result of instability, corruption and lack of democracy in most countries. Confronting this phenomenon requires recognizing its roots to find possible solutions. This study aims to examine the effect of some actual factors which causes the terrorism in short and long run. To this end, investigation has been conducted using statistical and regression methods using the data obtained from the 17 MENA countries. Findings indicate that in the long run, political stability and corruption controlling have a negative effect on the number of terrorist attacks, but democracy has no significant effect on terrorism. Morover, in the short term, there is also an inverse relationship between the number of terrorist attacks with political stability and corruption controlling, but unfortunately, democracy has a positive and significant effect on the number of terrorist attacks in the selected countries.
Institutional Analysis of Corruption Configurations in South-West Asian Countries: A Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA)(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
World Sociopolitical Studies, spring ۲۰۱۹, Volume ۳, Issue ۲
305 - 343
حوزه های تخصصی:
Considering corruption as one of the chronic harms of the administrative system, and the social factor affecting economic growth, the present study sought to explain, for the first time, the differences in the perceived levels of corruption among 16 Southwest Asian countries, relying on the sociological “new institutionalism” theory in analyzing organizations, describing causal mechanisms and their mutual impact, and creating corruptive contexts. The fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Method (fsQCA) and the secondary data were used to find the causal configurations leading to corruption in these cases. The experimental judgment led to two causal configurations showing that some institutional requirements of the institutional environment, in contrast to the requirements of the technical environment, exacerbated the gap between formal and informal structures. Conflicts lead to the formation of informal norms and networks that, over time, provide shared mental patterns for actors in executing current actions and confronting ambiguity and uncertainty; and on the basis of contextual rationality, they are interpreted as an appropriate way of acting. This reduces the costs of corruption and increases the opportunity for abuse by diminishing supervision and control and strengthening informal networks.
Designing and Explaining the Model of Improvement of Integrity in the Customs of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Based on Grounded Theory Method)(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
مطالعات رفتار سازمانی سال نهم بهار ۱۳۹۹ شماره ۱ (پیاپی ۳۳)
231 - 261
حوزه های تخصصی:
The World Customs Organization has issued a number of statements about the provision of strategies to improve the integrity of the world's customs, the most important of which is the "Revised Arusha Declaration". Since the adopters of Arusha Declaration emphasized that the components mentioned in this declaration should be considered according to the conditions of each country and its degree of economic development, this study sought to provide a model for improving the integrity of the Islamic Republic of Iran Customs on the basis of the Arusha Declaration.In order to achieve this model, the Grounded Theory method was used, and the researcher has obtained the required data from the relevant documents (60 items including book, article, research, dissertation) as well as semi-structured interviews from the experts of executive of the customs that have been up to the saturated theoretical (12 people) who have been selected according to the concept of knowledge and purposefully, and after coding and identifying the categories, the model has been presented. Additionally, for model validation, researcher's sensitivity criteria, methodology coherence, sample fit, repetition of a finding, and use of informed feedback were used. The results show that by focusing on three categories of transparency, accountability and regulatory framework and improving the automation, human resource management, relationship with private sector, audit and investigation, organizational risk management, employee efficiency, transparency in codes of conduct, leadership commitment, and promotion of customs procedures can achieve organizational efficiency and improvement of integrity.
Investigating Various Models Expressing teh Factors Affecting Social Capital in Tehran
حوزه های تخصصی:
Formation of the Corruption Discursive Order in Iranian Football: CDA of Ninety (90) TV Program(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
This article aims to discourse analysis the concept of corruption in the Ninety (90) TV program and understands how this program is used to criticize corruption and construct the corruption discourse in football. This research has attempted to analyze three programs on corruption using a CDA method and conflating Laclau, and Mouffe with Fairclough, and Van Dijk's approaches to understand the discursive order of the program and to highlights nodal points and moments. In this TV program, the nodal point of Ferdowsipours' discourse is anti-corruption: poor management, slogan-oriented, Lack of seriousness, institutionalism, Lack of government involvement, democracy, and attention to infrastructure are its moments. In the context of political corruption, the involvement of government and politicians in sports affairs is irrational, and attention to democracy and good governance can be helpful. In the context of competitive corruption and bribery, the most important way out of corruption is to pay attention to the cooperation of institutions and administrative and legal grounds. Regarding the dealings in football, the host criticized the people involved in this case and pointed out that corruption in Iranian football is common. In this program, the signifiers for law, governance, equality, and serious struggle are some of the essential signifiers highlighted. Each participant has considered the entry of politics into sports as a factor of Corruption. Furthermore, the focus of the program is more on the social practices in Iran (the current state of football), and its epistemes are based more on the local context.
Can Corruption and Organized Crime Affect Economic Growth in the ECOWAS Region?(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
This study examined organized crime, and corruption, and determined if they can affect growth in the regional integration known as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Organized crime and corruption can have a grossly negative impact on the economic growth process of every system, but the extent of damage they have needs to be measured to determine the policy implications for the region. Paired with a sizeable and well-connected diaspora community, traffickers have established themselves in most parts of the world and provide networks farther afield. Organized criminal groups infiltrate governments, businesses, and political and economic systems. They undermine the effectiveness of these systems, sometimes through corruption and violence. Enough effort must be given to understanding the impact of organized crime on governance in West Africa. The research is a panel study of 11 countries in the ECOWAS region. A number of corruption, organized crimes and, growth theories were reviewed in the process. The study employs the random-effects model with the pooled OLS to control (FGLS) known also as the random-effects model with the pooled OLS as a control on the defined objectives. Results show among others that organized crime and corruption have a significant impact on economic growth, whereas, corruption significantly reduces economic growth. The study concludes that organized crime has significantly impacted economic development. Part of the policy implications and recommendations is that Domestic investment significantly contributes to economic growth and should be greatly encouraged as it increases production, and job creation and reduces dependency ratio and poverty.
Justice from the Perspective of John Rawls and Allameh Tabatabaei
حوزه های تخصصی:
Justice has always been the most basic issue and the most important ideal of man since the beginning of civilization on earth, and for this reason, humans have tried to turn it into reality. Parallel to this importance, the thinkers of every age have tried to explain the limits and gaps and realize it. Because the lack of justice in the society causes the emergence of discrimination, oppression, corruption, and the lack of public consensus, and a society based on injustice and heterogeneity emerges. As a result, in order to pass from this society and move towards a healthy society where justice is based, idealistic thoughts are created to reach the desired society. This creates schools, movements and revolutions. This process shows the importance of the fact that in the process of the evolution of civilization, human beings have always had the concern of justice in front of them and it is not limited to a specific group or nation. People everywhere and at all times have the desire to achieve justice. In this article, while examining the origin of justice in the thoughts of John Rawls and Allameh Tabatabaei, this concept was compared from the perspective of two thinkers. Rawls from the contemporary West and Allameh Tabatabaei from contemporary Islam are among the most prominent philosophers and thinkers in the world who look at the concept of justice with different intellectual bases. But their theoretical output has similarities in the field of the concept of justice. In this article, using the hermeneutic recovery method, the challenges in the thoughts of Rawls and Allameh Tabatabaei in the field of justice were investigated.
The Role of Good Governance in the Efficient Functioning of the Government Fighting Economic Corruption in the Islamic Republic of Iran
حوزه های تخصصی:
Corruption and administrative violations are the product of inefficient administrative system, negative bureaucracy, ineffective management system and lack of meritocracy. Different solutions have been proposed to deal with corruption. One of these solutions, which is the subject of this research, is good governance. In recent years, good governance has become an important issue in public and public sector management, and this issue is due to the important role that this type of governance plays in determining community health. The present article, which has been written using the descriptive-analytical method, in response to the question of how to prevent and reduce corruption and increase administrative health in the Islamic Republic of Iran, claims that the application of good governance principles as an efficient model by promoting and improving components such accountability, transparency, rule of law, participation, accountability, etc. can lead to the health of the administrative system and enrich the ties between the government and the nation.
Investigating the Effect of Sanctions on Casual Relationship between Corruption, Income Inequality and Poverty in Iran(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
اقتصاد مقداری سال ۲۱ بهار ۱۴۰۳ شماره ۱ (پیاپی ۸۰)
171 - 201
حوزه های تخصصی:
EXTENDED ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
The number of revealed corruption-related crimes is one of the major challenges of Iran which has been significantly increased in recent years. According to official reports, although only two cases of embezzlement were reported in 1990s and 2000s with a total value up to $ 800 million, administrative corruption has significantly increased in 2010s with 13 large corruption cases and a total value up to $ 14 billion and a growth of over 1500% compared to 1990s and 2000s (The Iranian Students News Agency[1] (ISNA), 2017). The spread of such amount of corruption in administrative and bureaucratic system of the country can have irreparable economic and social consequences. The statistic investigations have shown that macroeconomic indicators including economic growth, employment, unemployment, poverty, inflation and income distribution have become less favorable in 2010 compared to previous decades (Statistical Center of Iran, Iran Statistical Yearbook, 2017). In this regard, the following questions can be raised: is there a relationship between corruption and the indicators of income distribution and poverty in the country? Since the volume of international and unilateral sanctions on Iran has increased in the 2010s, does such a widespread growth in the volume and value of corruption cases in Iran have a relationship with sanctions?
METHODOLOGY
Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of sanctions on causal relationship between corruption, income inequality and poverty in Iran during 1984 to 2020. For this purpose, the indices of per capita income, poverty line, administrative corruption and control of corruption, Atkinson and Gini have been utilized to investigate their interactions through Toda-Yamamoto Causality Test.
FINDINGS
Findings of research show that:
sanctions have affected the causality of per capita income on administrative corruption.
sanctions have affected the causality of corruption control on per capita income.
sanctions have affected the causality of income distribution on per capita income.
sanctions had no effect on causality of per capita income, on Atkinson Index and vice versa.
sanctions had no effect on causality of per between poverty line, on administrative corruption and vice versa.
sanctions had an effect on causality of per between poverty line, on corruption control and vice versa.
sanctions had a significant positive effect on poverty line, but had no significant effect on GINI index. In other words, sanctions have affected the causality of income distribution on poverty line.
sanctions had no effect on causality of poverty line, on Atkinson Index and vice versa.
sanctions had no effect on causality of GINI index, on administrative corruption and vice versa.
sanctions had no effect on causality of GINI index, on corruption control and vice versa.
sanctions had a significant positive effect on administrative corruption, but had no significant effect on Atkinson index. In other words, sanctions have affected the causality of income distribution on administrative corruption.
sanctions had a significant positive effect on Atkinson index, but had no significant effect on corruption control. In other words, sanctions have affected the causality of corruption control on income distribution.
CONCLUSION
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of sanctions on causal relationship between corruption, income inequality and poverty in Iran during1984 to 2020. For this purpose, the indices of per capita income p, poverty line, Atkinson, GINI, administrative corruption and corruption control were investigated. In general, the following results were obtained from the present study:
Income distribution is not an effective variable for poverty in Iran.
Corruption is an effective variable for causality of poverty in Iran and its significance level is higher under sanctions condition.
Corruption and poverty cannot properly explain the income distribution in Iran. However, the corruption control can be the cause of income distribution and poverty line is a proper representative for the cause of income distribution under sanctions conditions.
Income distribution is a strong variable for causality of corruption in Iran.
Poverty can properly explain the causality of corruption in Iran under sanctions condition, but is not the cause of corruption under normal condition.
According to the obtained results, it seems that sanctions condition is an effective variable for the relationship between variables of income distribution, corruption and poverty. However, the effective factors of income distribution need further investigations in future.
شواهد جدیدی از تأثیر جهانی شدن بر فساد: کاربردی از مدل انتقال ملایم آستانه ای پانلی(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
پژوهشهای اقتصادی (رشد و توسعه پایدار) سال ۲۴ بهار ۱۴۰۳ شماره ۱
193 - 222
حوزه های تخصصی:
در ادبیات اقتصادی، فساد به صورت سوء استفاده از قدرت عمومی برای سود شخصی تعریف می شود. فساد بر تولید ناخالص داخلی، توزیع درآمد، توسعه انسانی و به طور کلی بر ساختار اقتصادی و اجتماعی کشورها اثرات منفی داشته و اعتبار و قدرت رقابت پذیری آنها را در اقتصاد بین المللی تحت تأثیر قرار می دهد. اهمیت موضوع جهانی شدن از یک سو و گستردگی فساد از سوی دیگر، نیاز به بررسی رابطه این دو متغیر را پررنگ تر می نماید. در این مقاله، اثرات غیر خطی جهانی شدن بر شاخص کنترل فساد، در کشورهای عضو سازمان کنفرانس اسلامی (OIC) برای دوره زمانی 2003-2019 با استفاده از مدل رگرسیون انتقال ملایم پانلی(PSTR)، مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و بدین منظور از شاخص جدید جهانی شدن (KOF) به عنوان متغیر انتقال استفاده شده است. نتایج برآورد مدل، حاکی از وجود رابطه غیر خطی قوی میان متغیر های مورد مطالعه بوده و یک مدل دو رژیمی با حد آستانه ای 75/69 و پارامتر شیب 78/0 را پیشنهاد می شود. براساس یافته های تحقیق، جهانی شدن در رژیم اول، تأثیر منفی و معنی دار و در رژیم دوم، تأثیر مثبت و معنی دار بر شاخص کنترل فساد دارد و بنابراین، فرضیه U شکل بین جهانی شدن و شاخص کنترل فساد در کشورهای مورد مطالعه، تأیید می شود. همچنین با عبور متغیر انتقال (شاخص جهانی شدن) از حد آستانه ای و در رژیم دوم، اثر مثبت توسعه اقتصادی بر شاخص کنترل فساد، کاهش یافته است. اندازه دولت و نرخ مشارکت زنان (جنسیت) در هر دو رژیم، به ترتیب، تأثیر منفی و مثبت بر شاخص کنترل فساد دارند. رابطه منفی آزادی اقتصادی و شاخص کنترل فساد در رژیم اول، به رابطه مثبت در رژیم دوم تبدیل شده است. اثر ثبات سیاسی قبل از حد آستانه ای، مثبت و معنی دار است و نهایتاً، تورم در هر دو رژیم، تأثیر معنی داری بر شاخص کنترل فساد ندارد.