مطالب

Foreign language (FL) teacher agency, as a significant part of teachers’ professional development, encompasses self-organized efforts to augment professional growth. This study aimed to develop an ecological FL teacher agency model through a sequential exploratory mixed methods design based on which an assessment scale measuring FL teachers' agency value was developed. In the qualitative phase, developing and validating the FL teacher agency model, firstly, an interview guide was developed and piloted in a group of 10 TEFL teacher educators from Farhangian Teacher Education University in Tehran. Then, 30 in-service EFL teachers were interviewed. The data were analyzed through MAXQDA to find the components of the tentative conceptual model of teacher agency.  Based on the interview analysis, the preliminary draft of the EFL teacher agency scale was developed.  The refined EFL teacher agency questionnaire encompassing the three components of Autonomy, Freedom, and Choice was administered to 354 randomly selected EFL teachers. The scale's reliability was gained through Cronbach's alpha, and its construct validity through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). The study findings could be used by foreign language teachers, teacher educators, and TEFL teacher agency researchers. 

The brand image is one of the most valuable assets of sports organizations. Companies' respect for their social responsibility is one of the essential tools for maintaining this asset. Sponsors enter a sponsorship program based on their social responsibility, portfolio, and brand image value. This study investigated the relationship between sponsors' portfolios, corporate social responsibility, and brand image and was conducted using a qualitative systematic review method. The available documents have been received using the specified keywords, and the PRISMA 2020 flow diagram was implemented based on valid electronic databases. The data extraction process was performed using MAXQDA 2020 software. Also, the quality of research was evaluated in two parts: quantitative and qualitative. Reviewing 71 documents examined 370 open sources, 54 concepts, and 10 categories in the three fields, including financial sponsor, social responsibility, and portfolio. The results showed that financial sponsors and portfolios are closely related and aligned. A sponsor social responsibility program is also planned and implemented based on the financial sponsor. The results of the social responsibility program will affect different parts and factors of the financial sponsor and portfolio by impacting the two parts of the sponsoring company and the consumer. This study examines the relations between the financial sponsor, sponsor portfolio, and corporate social responsibility axes. In this study, financial sponsorship, sponsor portfolio, and social responsibility are considered the three vertices of a triangle, addressed in less research.

Objective : The study aimed to investigate the specificity of practice hypothesis in soccer by examining the impact of environmental light conditions on the learning of a soccer push pass. Specifically, it sought to determine whether practicing under natural or artificial light would influence skill acquisition and transfer when visual conditions changed. Method: Twenty-six male students (mean age 20.67 ± 1.78 years) with no prior experience in the experimental task were matched and divided into two practice groups based on their pre-test scores in the Mor-Christian Push Pass Test. One group trained under natural sunlight (daytime), while the other practiced under artificial gym light (nighttime) for six sessions (three times per week). Following the training phase, participants underwent immediate retention tests under the same light conditions as their practice. A delayed retention test was conducted ten days later. Data were analyzed using a 2 (group: natural vs. artificial light) × 2 (test condition: natural vs. artificial light) × 2 (test delay: immediate vs. delayed) repeated measures ANOVA via SPSS-16. Results : The results revealed no significant differences in skill acquisition between the two practice groups during training. However, during transfer tests where light conditions were altered, both groups exhibited a significant decline in performance. This finding supports the specificity of practice hypothesis, indicating that skill learning is context-dependent and performance deteriorates when environmental conditions change. Conclusions : The study confirms that soccer push pass performance is sensitive to the environmental context in which it is practiced. While both natural and artificial light conditions yielded similar skill acquisition, the inability to maintain performance under altered lighting suggests that practice specificity plays a critical role in motor learning. These findings highlight the importance of training under varied conditions to enhance adaptability and transferability of sport skills. 

The present study aimed to predict guilt based on social anxiety and social-emotional loneliness in working women seeking divorce. This study is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive correlation type. The statistical population of this study consisted of all working women seeking divorce in Tehran in 2024. 200 people were selected through purposive sampling from the family counseling centers of the judiciary. The research tools included the Guilt Inventory by Kugler and Jones (1992); the Social Phobia Inventory by Connor et al. (2000) and the UCLA Loneliness Scale by Russell (1996). The research data were analyzed using stepwise regression analysis and SPSS-22 software. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between social anxiety and loneliness with guilt at the 0.01 level. Social anxiety (P=0.009, β=0.183) positively and at a significance level of 0.01 predicted guilt, and loneliness (P=0.005, β=0.197) positively and at a significance level of 0.01 predicted guilt. In general, the results showed that guilt feelings are predicted based on social anxiety and social-emotional loneliness in working women seeking divorce.