مطالب

The relationship between God the Father and the Son has long been a point of contention among Christians. Arius is a significant figure in this regard; he believed in the created nature of Jesus Christ and denied that his essence was the same as the Father's. In contrast, Athanasius believed in the consubstantiality of the Father and the Son. The purpose of examining the controversy between the ideas of Arius and Athanasius is to identify the consequences it left on Christianity. Therefore, the main question of this research is ‘What results did Arius's thought have and what theological effects did it leave on Christianity?’ The present study, by a descriptive and analytical method, aims to answer the main question. The most important results obtained are that Arius's ideas provoked opposition, such as the reaction of Athanasius, and created controversy, which damaged the doctrines of the Trinity, Incarnation, and Salvation. In the field of conflict between unity and trinity, it somehow led to the development of the official Christian theology, namely the Trinity.

در تلقیح مصنوعی ممکن است به اغراضی و در شرایطی خاص اسپرم شوهر جهت درمان ناباروری، در زمان حیض به رحم همسر وی منتقل گردد مساله اصلی این است که آیا چنین عملی از منظر فقه شیعه جایز است یا خیر؟. این نوشتار به روش کتابخانه ای پاسخ این مساله را دنبال میکند. آیه شریفه و یکدسته از روایات دلالت بر حرمت وطی زن در زمان حیض دارد و از این روایات برداشت میشود اصل عمل مقاربت در زمان حیض مذموم است،واضح است که انتقال مصنوعی اسپرم مشمول این دلیل حرمت نیست ، اما علاوه بر این از دسته دیگری از روایات برداشت میشود که فرزند دار شدن در زمان حیض حرام است با توجه به اینکه در زمان حیض امکان انعقاد نطفه وجود ندارد معلوم است معلوم است منظئور از چنین فرزند دار شدنی این است که در زمان حیض منی به زحم منتقل شود و بعد از حیض در پاکی تخمک گذاری شود و اسپرم تا ان زمان زنده بماند ولقاح صورت گیرد، پس اصل ورود نطفه مرد در زمان حیض که بعدا منجر به ولد میشود در روایات مورد نهی است لذا اگر این ورود از طریق انتقال مصنوعی انجام شود نیز حرام خواهد بود.

INTRODUCTION: Citizenship behavior in the field of management and organizational psychology refers to voluntary and informal behaviors and actions taken by employees in order to improve the functioning of the organization, go beyond the regular duties, and are carried out voluntarily without expectation of reward. This study analyzes the relationship between employee performance and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in the RCS of Markazi province. METHODS: In this descriptive-correlational study, the statistical population includes all the employees of the RCS of Markazi province which 130 people were selected as a sample using the Cochran formula. In order to collect data, the standard OCB questionnaire of Organ (1988) and the Job Performance Scale of William & Anderson (1991) were used. The relationship between variables was analyzed using correlation coefficients and regression through SPSS-23 software in two descriptive and inferential sections. FINDINGS: According to the findings, among the 130 participants, 82 (63.1%) and 48 (36.9%) were male and female respectively; the age group of 31-40 had the highest frequency with 57 (43.8%); and 6-10 years of work experience, bachelor's degree level and under -a-contract employment status had the highest frequency with 36 (27.7%), 49 (37.7%) and 51 (39.2%) respectively. However, there are a direct and significant relationship between employee performance and citizenship behavior in the dimensions of "altruism", "conscientiousness", "civic virtue" and "curtsey". The correlation coefficient of organizational performance with the aforementioned dimensions is 0.368, 0.347, 0.233 and 0.397, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results showed that among the dimensions of OCB, "curtsey" and "civic virtue" have the highest and lowest correlations with the "performance" variable. On the other hand, the "chivalry" has no significant relationship with performance. Also, the effect of OCB on employee performance was significant, which can be said that the predictor variable (OCB) is able to explai

This research aimed to design and evaluate the effectiveness model of educational organizations based on the social systems model in high schools of Shiraz city. This research employed a sequential exploratory mixed-method (qualitative-quantitative) design and conducted as a case study in some high schools in Shiraz. The research, in the form of a thematic network, was designed as one overarching theme, 6 organizing themes, and 42 foundational themes. The organizing themes included components related to: teacher's human factors, student's human factors, parents' human factors and, structural, social, and educational-research components. Based on these, a proposed research model Introduced. In the instrument development phase, a researcher-made questionnaire on school effectiveness, derived from the qualitative findings, designed. The statistical population consisted of teachers and included students majoring in mathematics - physics, in Shiraz high schools. For evaluating the research model, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis methods employed. The fit indexes were indicators of the validity of the organizational effectiveness model with an approach toward the effectiveness of educational organizations. The findings of this research revealed that, in sequence, the human factors of the teacher are educational, the parents' human factors are structural and student's human factors are social research. Accordingly, it emphasizes the imperative attention of the relevant executives and officials towards implementing the research model.

Social responsibilities could meet the needs of stakeholders invariably. Financial transparency is a key component of social responsibility and the mechanism of corporate leadership principles. The present study aimed to assess the effects and levels of various influential factors in realizing social responsibilities based on the mechanism of corporate leadership principles with an emphasis on financial transparency. We attempted to validate and grade four main factors in this research, including mandating, monitoring, infrastructural, and structural factors. For this purpose, a questionnaire was developed to assess the data of 256 corporate managers and determine the associations between these factors in the form of four main hypotheses using path analysis. According to the findings, the four mentioned factors were confirmed in terms of their impact on the realization of social responsibilities based on the mechanism of corporate leadership principles with an emphasis on financial transparency. In addition, infrastructural factors had the most significant effect on the realization of social responsibilities based on corporate governance then, Monitoring, Structural, and Mandating factors are influential, respectively. Research findings are consistent with the theoretical framework of the stakeholder theory.