درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This study presents the analysis of nineteen glass samples from Jorjan (northeastern Iran), dating to the Early Islamic period, using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) as a first approach. While LIBS allowed rapid screening of elemental patterns, its quantification is not yet fully mastered; therefore, complementary SEM–EDXS analyses were performed for comparative purposes and validation of the results. Both methods consistently show strong calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) with variable sodium (Na), indicating the dominance of plant-ash flux technology and aligning with the well-known transition from natron to plant ash in the 8th–9th centuries CE. Variability in Na (and minor Al) intensities points to multi-source raw materials and highlights Jorjan’s role in regional production and exchange along the Silk Road. We also provide an integrated spectral comparison, group the assemblage by Na and Ca peak strengths, and discuss the analytical and heritage-conservation advantages of LIBS—when supported by SEM–EDXS—for the study of archaeological glass.

After Arab invasions and territorial expansion in Sassanian-era Iran, Iranians resisted Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs due to bias and discrimination. Uprisings against biased Arab rulers reduced their control over the Islamic Caliphate's eastern borders, paving the way for local government formation and independence. The Abbasid caliphate, facing challenges in the west and engaging with the Byzantine Empire, was alarmed by emerging local governments like the Tahirids, Saffarids, and Samanids. To maintain influence, the Abbasid caliphate considered granting conditional independence to these regions. The Ghaznavid rulers, originally prominent commanders in the Abbasid army, grew and trained within its military structure. Supported by the people and their soldiers, they pursued independence, breaking allegiance to Baghdad and establishing their government. Initially part of the Abbasid army, these rulers, including Ghaznavid emirs, moved eastward due to conflicting interests with the Baghdad caliphate. There, they formed semi-independent structures to maintain influence.In the eastern borders, where political systems like the Ghaznavids relied on military power, the army (Sepah) and militarism played a crucial role in historical research. The central question explores how the military system and militarism in local governments, such as the Ghaznavids, contributed to their formation, development, and expansion during the early Islamic centuries. Research reveals the Ghaznavid government's military system and militarism were modeled after predecessors like the Abbasids, Umayyads, and Sassanians. Local governments like the Tahirids and Saffarids significantly influenced this evolution. Over time, Ghaznavid rule underwent fundamental changes in the army and militarism, reaching maturity in response to evolving needs.

Safavid and Qajar rulers, following an enduring tradition, inscribed royal decrees on stone monuments concerning issues such as tax exemptions and reductions. These inscriptions served to preserve the king’s direct voice as an authoritative document, aiming to safeguard a just fiscal system, prevent corruption among officials, avert potential uprisings caused by rising taxation, and reinforce the image of a legitimate and benevolent monarchy opposed to innovation and injustice. This study examines the extent to which Safavid decrees retained their authority and effectiveness during the reign of Nāṣer al-Dīn Shāh Qajar, particularly in the context of the interaction between the state and society. The research is based on primary documents and sources, applying a historical-comparative method and content analysis. The findings reveal that Safavid decrees on exemptions and tax reductions, though inscribed as “perpetual,” did not remain effective in practice. With the dynastic shift, and despite the people’s efforts to preserve documents and demand their enforcement, these decrees rarely yielded favorable outcomes, except in cases where the Qajar state itself benefited from their implementation.

With the arrival of Christian Armenians in Isfahan during the reign of Shah Abbas Safavid, churches were built in this city, like the mosques of this period. The structure and decorations of the church building captured the audience's attention. The Armenian churches of Isfahan have large domes with motifs and visual elements. By analyzing them, common signs and symbols can be identified. The primary concern of this research is whether the architectural and visual motifs of the Armenian churches in Isfahan share a common language and convey a unified goal, rooted in the principles of Christian belief. And what are the most important components of their common language, and why were these components used? The need for research is to examine the dimensions of the common language in terms of analyzing the symbols and visual signs in these domes based on the principles of Christianity.The purpose of this research is to examine and identify the common language, the direction of the perceptions, and the kinship of the worshipers. And how to reach this common language requires semiotic analysis. Therefore, the research uses a descriptive-analytical method, and the data collection tool is a library method. And it is discussed based on the semiotic theory of Charles Sanders Peirce. The findings show that the churches have circular domes with skylights. The outer covering of the domes lacks decorative motifs. The visual motifs are engraved on the inside of the building and under the domes. And they all follow the same structure. And they have Christian concepts that form a common language. Including: God, eternity, resurrection, and salvation. The components that have formed the structure and visual motifs of the domes of the Armenian churches of Isfahan have a direct connection with the Holy Bible and faith in God (God the Father)and Jesus Christ (the Son). And they play an important role in the perceptions and identification of the audience.

This study examines the so-called “scribe pattern” markers identified in 62 late Proto-Elamite administrative documents housed in the Louvre Museum and the National Museum of Iran. Recent research indicates that Proto-Elamite administrative systems underwent significant developments in the methods used to authenticate and individualize documents. Archaeological evidence suggests that, in the early phases, animal and symbolic motifs predominated in seal designs; however, with the advancement of writing, these were gradually replaced by simpler linear signs. Notably, the emergence of new types of seals inspired by these linear signs characterizes the later stages of this period. These changes reflect a complex phase of interaction between ancient traditions and administrative innovations. It appears that Proto-Elamite society was actively experimenting and seeking optimal solutions for recording and verifying information. Despite recent advances in scholarship, major challenges remain in fully understanding this system, especially regarding the precise status of these markers within the administrative hierarchy. This research not only opens a new window onto the study of early administrative systems but can also inspire comparative studies of the evolution of writing in ancient civilizations. The discovery and analysis of additional examples in the future will undoubtedly clarify many of the current uncertainties.

Jewelry has been prevalent in human societies since ancient times. By studying these artifacts and analyzing the decorative styles and techniques employed in their creation, researchers can gain insights into the identities of the people who produced them. Archaeological excavations in Jubon cemetery in Gilan province have uncovered numerous Gurkani graves dating from the first millennium BC to the Sassanid period. Some of these graves were found gold earrings, now kept in the National Museum of Iran. This research aims to classify earrings found in the Juban cemetery and compare them with those from the North Caucasus to identify their manufacturing techniques and production workshops. The study employs a descriptive-analytical method with a comparative approach. The findings indicate that the earrings from the Jubon cemetery can be classified into two typological categories: The first type is gold earrings without precious stones and the second is gold earrings adorned with garnet decorations. The identified manufacturing techniques include relief, casting, hammering, inlaying, and wiring, which were prevalent among Greek and Scythian artisans during the Parthian period. The methods used in making Jubon earrings show similarities to earrings from the North Caucasus, but significant differences in the decoration of gold indicate local production.

The land of India has been the cradle of different religions and beliefs since the distant past, the religion of Islam opened its way to the land of India shortly after reaching Iraq and Iran. But due to the special conditions of India, it entered this land in different ways and the process of Islamization lasted for several centuries. The purpose of this article is to study and investigate the reasons for the diversity of species and forms of Islam's entry into India. In accordance with such a goal, the present article tries to answer the question why Islam entered India in various forms such as the Islam of conquerors, the Islam of merchants, Sufi Islam, etc. The findings of the research show that the vastness of the land, the ancient civilization of India, the diverse and numerous religious structure, and a spirit of tolerance towards other religions and ideas were among the factors that facilitated the entry of Islam into this land in various forms. And it established a special type of Islamization for this land, which is rare in other places where Islam entered. The research method in this article is based on the descriptive-analytical method and collecting information in that library method.

Based on conducted studies, lighting in Iranian architecture is one of the fundamental and essential features, with skylights playing a crucial role as a primary architectural element. Architecture in different regions is adjusted according to climatic conditions to maximize comfort while also considering the use of local materials. Given this, the design and placement of lighting elements can vary based on geographic location. The aim of this research is to examine the skylights in Qajar-era houses in Kerman and to explore the relationship between climate and regional architecture, considering both lighting and temperature factors simultaneously. Thus, the research questions are as follows: What are the characteristics of the windows in the historical houses of Kerman? Was natural light considered a key element in Kerman’s houses? Were the variety of windows in these historical homes adjusted based on climatic conditions? To achieve this goal, we studied four Qajar-era houses in Kerman: Azimi House, Kazemi House, Dinyar House, and Vaziri House. The research method is applied in nature and employs a descriptive and correlational approach for data collection, utilizing both field studies and library resources. By measuring the skylights and analyzing their design and positioning, we concluded that in desert regions, skylights are designed with small dimensions and colored glass to not only prevent direct sunlight but also regulate the lighting of the space. Additionally, these skylights are placed one meter above the floor and with a depth of less than 10 meters, providing both aesthetic appeal and environmental comfort.