درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Introduction: This paper examines legal dimensions and issues of electronic business companies and on the basis of that, this main question is proposed “what are the significant and main legal challenges in the arena of electronic business? Methodology: This paper is descriptive-analytical (qualitative) and applies deduction methodology using understanding power of researcher in appreciating legal scans related to electronic business based on available facts, evidence and cues. Findings: Research findings indicated that the main and significant challenges facing electronic business companies are jurisdiction interference, agreement validities, supporting consumer rights, information confidentiality and copyright. Conclusion: Electronic Business Company is an electronic company based on electronic business that its identity is related to the concept of electronic business, as with removal of electronic component, this becomes meaningless and its activities stops. In this way, the emergence of electronic business companies is related to the concept of electronic business and development of electronic business is along with spreading its definition. Electronic component of electronic business companies also indicates modern information and communication technology that only includes internet, intranet, and command codes of mobile phone and doesn’t include other telephone communications like fixed and mobile phone, fax, telegram, etc.

Purpose: The current research was done with employing comparative studies and its aim was developing a perceptual appropriate framework of Iranian teacher’s dispatch to schools abroad. Methodology: The Iran's dispatch component and the selective countries, (included: America, France, Germany, Canada, England, Russia, Australia, Turkish, Japan, South Korean and Singapore) was identified and extracted for the developing of a perceptual appropriate framework. Then descriptive method for validation and presenting an appropriate perceptual framework was employed. In the last three period of dispatch, all accepted teachers were included in statistical society which 250 of them, were selected in simple random sampling. Their questionnaires had a lot of components which it was needed for their dispatch in abroad. For doing this research, 54 factors in conceptual model were determined as observed variables and 8 extracted factors from exploratory factor analysis as latent variable and the dispatch of teachers as second latent variable, were determined too. Findings: The findings show that all factors had significant meaning on their own factors and management authority, selecting and protection, mastering on computer, interviewing, mastering on language, professional competence, health and test, respectively had the most load of factor and the most weight of factor in the second dispatch of teachers in abroad. Discussion: Therefore, the appropriate perceptual framework of the dispatch of Iranian teachers in abroad, was a combination of normalized components in the dispatch model of Iranian teachers and selective countries in abroad. So it's worthy that we consider the archived factors and their components which had the most load of factor in the new method of letter for the further selections.

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to identify the effective factors of creative problem solving in Tehran's education principals in order to provide an appropriate model that is done by exploratory. Methodology: The statistical population consists of all principals of female high school in Tehran's 22 educational districts, which number is 850 people. Of this community, 304 respondents answered the questionnaire in full. The questionnaire for effective factors on creative problem solving was 47 questions in order to determine the effective factors on creative problem solving in education principals, which identified eight factors through 47 items and the components are as follows: individual characteristics of 72.58, 66.567 information, organizational atmosphere and culture 60.234, rules and regulations 59.659, and rewarding and motivational system 52.693% of the total varianc. Findings: All of the observed variables measure the recognized and meaningful values of the identified factors. Discussion: Since the study found that the model has a very good validity and credibility, it can be used as an appropriate diagnostic tool for selecting managers.

Purpose: This study is investigating the position of components of sustainable development in experimental science course of Elementary Schools of Iran and presenting an optimum framework and its validation. Methodology: The statistical population is a group of monitoring experts on the components of sustainable development as well as a set of experimental science textbooks in sixth grade of elementary schools of Iran during the academic year of 2016-2017. The sample size according to Morgan's sampling table in expert group was 80 and 12 volumes of textbooks sets, including teacher guides. The sample size in the group of experts was 80 according to Morgan's sampling table and 12 volumes in the collection of textbooks, including teacher guides. Findings: The results of the research indicate that the amount of emphasis on the component of the consumption pattern was 5.24% in objectives, 5.86% in educational content, 6.05% in teaching method and 6.69% in assessment. In the waste disposal component, the emphasis is: 4.1% in objectives, 2.15 % in educational content, 2.78% in teaching method and 5.1% in assessment. In the component of animal conservation, the emphasis is: 15.68 % in objectives, 18.03 % in educational content, 9.4 % in teaching method and 9.39 % in assessment In the energy component, the emphasis is: 12.29 % in objectives, 14.59 % in educational content, 14.66 % in teaching method and 13.25 % in assessment. Discussion: In sum, the amount of emphasis of the curriculum of the experimental science course of Elementary Schools was in middle level compared to the six components of sustainable development, and needs to be reviewed.

Literature sociology is one of the very diverse branches of sociology. Most of the literary collections are a reflection of political and social issues of the poet's community, which in the social and sociological domain, reflects such issues as women, poverty, class distances, corruption, injustice, and in the field of politics, recount issues related to domestic politics, tyranny and colonialism, and in the realm of religion, it is a matter of religious, cultural, religious and identity that can express many facts about its society and illustrate the political and social status of its country during the mentioned period. Sociological analysis is one of the important approaches of literary criticism, because it examines the content of literary works. In this paper, the poems of Jawad Jamil, Iraqi contemporary poet from the perspective of structural and sociological considerations had been studied, while at the same time clarifying the angles of tyranny and self-restraint of Saddam and the Ba'ath Party and the devastation of the Iraqi society, interrelationships between religious and political-social issues were established with the help of Ashura's message. In this research, in order to understand the intellectual form of جوادJamil in his poems in political and social terms, and presenting a clear picture of his thoughts, several important sociological propositions such as lack of freedom, the expression of crimes, torture, execution, idealisation, instilling hope for the future, fighting women, hypocrisy in Iraqi society, inviting people to be patient, inviting people to fight and structural issues such as music, modes of meanings, rhetorical forms, and customs of the blessings, had also been analyzed.

Purpose: In line with their function to fight, control and combat crimes, governments have duties and powers. One of these tasks is criminalization, punishment and prosecution of crimes. Drugs are one of the major challenges facing societies and the scale of its destructive challenges is still added in current age. The resort to criminalization and the penal combat with this phenomenon has been a common practice of our country and other ones. Methodology: The present research is applied in terms of purpose and content analysis method. In the organization of research, the documentary and library methods have been used and the information analysis has been obtained qualitatively and based on the inference of the researcher on the sources and texts. Findings: Considering the legal status of our country, it is considered that, by respecting numerical proportions (math and Aristotelian) and paying attention to the amount of narcotics, the legislatures have criminalized the use of narcotics, especially minor narcotic drugs, in any amount. Conclusion: looking at the statistics of the cases brought to the judiciary, attention to the number of prisoners in the country, the statistics of the prisoners belonging to this group of crimes, and, on the other hand, paying attention to the community, despite the application of repressive criminal policy in the country, regarding drug crimes, in particular crimes of minor crimes, suggests that this (repressive) approach to the fight against and control of crimes related to narcotics has not been successful in the country