درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The caste system has undergone many changes, many people have predicted its soon demise, but it has proven to stay. Many theories such as Sanskritization by M.N. Srinivas have been written about the caste system and many studies showed that caste has retreated, though not disappeared, from several spheres of life. A delinking of occupation and caste, increased inter-caste and interreligious marriages and the status of a person is increasingly measured not by traditional hereditary factors such as caste but individual parameters such as wealth, job security and career chances, that are factors which can individually be acquired. Thus, researchers said that class will supplant caste, but recent research has shown that it would be better not to see these two as opposed to each other and rather study the similarities. We have researched in rural and urban areas with in purposefully selected areas in Goa with people from many different social backgrounds, religions, caste, and as well tribal background. We have opted to use mainly qualitative research. The open-ended informal interview or semi-structured interview with an interview guide was mostly used as it provides best insight in how people perceive their life and changes. Due to social changes such as democratization after Liberation from the Portuguese colonial rule in 1961, the Land Tiller’s Act which transferred the land from the owners to the tillers and migration, which offered especially to the former working class higher incomes, caste markers have undergone changes as well. A significant change to individual choices from inherited traditional caste rules could be observed, which depended on individually acquired characteristics. Hereditary traditional factors such as caste, which are non-personal, retreated to the background. As caste is seen by many as discrimination, people try to get rid of it or hide it as much as possible. That means that obvious caste markers such as names of wards indicating one’s profession or caste background cannot be used anymore, as the composition of castes in wards have changed as well. Profession and caste have been decoupled, the sitting order in the church does not indicate caste anymore and other traditional caste markers have become obsolete. Thus, people have found out new markers to orient themselves in their social world. These factors were for instance language. The accent of course could be changed, as certain accents were related to specific varnas and as well jaatis. As ward names have changed, the setting and look of wards became important, such as the space in front of the house and the absence or presence of agricultural tools or harvest versus flower beds and expensive children’s toys were gauged. The style of the house, how many stories and the style of color and decoration were considered as well. The behavior and demeanor became very important as well as the style of clothes and jewelry one was wearing. As well how feasts and parties were celebrated. These individual factors of gauging the status of a person did have significant influences and repercussions on social set up in urban and very strong as well in rural areas. The member composition or formal and informal meetings and local NGOs are due to personal interest and skills. Thus, hot issues in villages are decided by expected personal gain and interest. Professions get a new ranking according to career chances and income, dining with others depends on personal liking. Despite this emerging class character, we should not see class and caste dichotomous, as people use either of them in different situations depending on what they feel might get them better chances to advance to their goals. Seeing caste and class as complimentary and not dichotomous helps

Purpose: The cities of the world are becoming centers of innovation, and today the technological entrepreneurship ecosystem is very important. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigating the relationship of technological entrepreneurship ecosystem and crowd funding according to Isenberg's model. Methodology: In a descriptive-analytical study from type of correlation, 225 people from middle and senior managers and experts in the field of investment were selected as a sample based on Cochran's formula by simple random sampling method. The samples responded to the standard questionnaires of technological entrepreneurship ecosystem (Isenberg, 2011) and crowd funding (Shabanian, 2012), whose validity and reliability were confirmed. Data were analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficients and linear regression tests in SPSS24 software. Findings: The findings showed that all six components of the technological entrepreneurship ecosystem including policy, financing, culture, supports, human capital, and markets had a positive and significant correlation with all four components of crowd funding including the type, role, goals, and scope of crowd funding. Also, the components of technological entrepreneurship ecosystem could significantly explain 62.7% of crowd funding changes, which according to the beta value, the variables of policy, human capital, culture, markets, financing and supports had a direct and significant effect on crowd funding (P<0.001). Conclusion: The results indicated the relation and effective role of technological entrepreneurship ecosystem in crowd funding. Therefore, for the improvement of crowd funding can be provided the ground for the promotion of the technological entrepreneurship ecosystem.

Purpose: Today, having knowledge-based organizations and businesses is considered an important and main capital for a country and can create a competitive advantage. As a result, the aim of this study was to drawing a scientific map of the knowledge-based businesses development with a bibliometric approach. Methodology: The current research in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was descriptive. The population of this study was the conducted research in the field of knowledge-based business development in the Scopus database from 1985 to 2023 year. The data of this study were analyzed by the bibliometric method according to the systematic approach with the two objectives of functional analysis and citation network analysis and with PRISMA protocol in VOSViewer software. Findings: The functional analysis findings showed that in the field of knowledge-based businesses development, Gambardella and McGahan had the most citations (372 times) with an article entitled Business-model innovation: General purpose technologies and their implications for industry structure. Also, authors including Crenicean, Ichijo, Kohlbacher, Markopoulos, Popescu, Sequeira, Vanharanta and Will and countries including United Kingdom, China, United States, Germany, Italy, Romania and South Korea respectively had the most research in the field of knowledge-based businesses development. In addition, the findings of the citation network analysis showed that for collaboration between authors there were 21 links, 7 keywords and 1 cluster and for collaboration between countries there were 34 links, 22 keywords and 5 clusters. Also, for co-referencing words there were 1475 links, 138 keywords and 6 clusters, which were more related to the words of business development, knowledge-based systems, innovation and knowledge management. Conclusion: The results of the present research about the knowledge-based businesses development with a bibliometric approach can have an effective role in designing and implementing programs to improve knowledge-based businesses.

Purpose: Considering the importance of media literacy and competency development in this field, the present research was conducted with the aim of assessing the suitability and prioritization of the components of the media literacy competency development model of English language teachers. Methodology: This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was mixed (qualitative and quantitative). The research population in the qualitative part was the experts of Farhangian University and principals of the first and second period schools of Tabriz city, which based on the principle of theoretical saturation number of 15 people were selected as a sample. The research population in the quantitative part was English language teachers of the first and second period schools of Tabriz city, which based on Cochran's formula number of 384 people were selected as a sample. The research tool in the qualitative part was a semi-structured interview, which its data was coded in MAXQDA software, and in the quantitative part was a researcher-made questionnaire, which its data was analyzed by structural equation modeling and weighted matrix in SPSS and SmartPLS software. Findings: The findings showed that the media literacy competency development of English language teachers has 50 sub components in 12 main components, including the media access, production and communication, technology development at the global level, media literacy promotion infrastructure, provision of educational equipment, management of students' entry into the virtual world, lack of possibilities of educational assistance, lack of acceptance of virtual media among teachers, critical thinking training, creating a learning environment and learners' participation in the educational structure, media literacy competency development, establishing educational justice and developing and updating teachers' skills. Also, all the main components had an average variance extracted higher than 0.50 and Cronbach's and combined reliability higher than 0.70, and the media literacy competency development model of English language teachers had a good fit and their effects on each other were significant (P<0.05). In addition, respectively the components of technology development at the global level, establishing educational justice, media literacy competency development, developing and updating teachers' skills, media access, production and communication, lack of acceptance of virtual media among teachers, management of students' entry into the virtual world, creating a learning environment and learners' participation in the educational structure, critical thinking training, media literacy promotion infrastructure, provision of educational equipment and lack of possibilities of educational assistance were of higher importance. Conclusion: According to the identified components for the media literacy competency development and their prioritization can be taken an effective step to media literacy competency development of English language teachers.

Purpose: One of the social problems of football spectators is their delinquent behavior and the reasons for this behavior. As a result, the aim of this study was identifying and ranking the effective factors in the delinquency of football spectators in Iran and its prevention strategies. Methodology: This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was quantitative. The research population was football spectators in Iran, which the sample size were determined 400 people and this number were selected with using available sampling method. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire of delinquency of football spectators, which its face validity and reliability were confirmed and the data obtained from its implementation were analyzed with exploratory factor analysis test and Friedman's test in SPSS version 23. Findings: The results of the exploratory factor analysis test showed that the effective factors in the delinquency of football spectators in Iran were included the socio-economic factors, mental-psychological factors, managerial factors, events inside the football field and media, which whose content validity was higher than 0.60 and whose Cronbach's and combined reliability was higher than 0.80. Also, the results of Friedman's test showed that the most effective factors in the delinquency of football spectators in Iran were included the events inside the football field, managerial factors, socio-economic factors, mental-psychological factors and media, respectively. Conclusion: According to the results of this research, in order to reduce the delinquency of football spectators in Iran, respectively can manage the events inside the football field, improve the managerial factors, promote the socio-economic factors and mental-psychological factors, and optimize the media behaviors.

Purpose: Education is one of the important factors of economic and social development and the education industry is one of the largest and most tangible industries in the world. Therefore, the aim of this study was to providing a customer value maturity model based on the dynamic capabilities of educational institutions. Methodology: This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was qualitative. In this study number of 15 people after checking the inclusion criteria such as work experience of at least 10 years and at least bachelor's education with using the purposive sampling method were selected from among the experts of non-governmental educational institutions of the senior school in Tehran city. The tool of the current research was a semi-structured interview with selected experts, which its validity was confirmed by the triangulation method and its reliability was calculated by the method of the coefficient of agreement between two coding 0.88. Data were analyzed by content analysis method. Findings: The results of the present study indicated that for the customer value maturity model based on the dynamic capabilities of educational institutions were identified number of 268 open codes in 5 core codes or levels, respectively including the analysis the value proposition of customer, definition and design the value proposition of customer, management and expansion the value proposition of customer, implementation and execution the value proposition of customer and evaluation and optimization the value proposition of customer. Therefore, the educational programs in the customer value maturity model based on the dynamic capabilities of educational institutions were drawn at five levels based on the level of maturity and value. Conclusion: According to the identified codes and levels for the customer value maturity model based on the dynamic capabilities of educational institutions can be taken an effective step in the direction of customer value maturity.

Purpose: Today, lifestyle plays an important role in improving people's living conditions. As a result, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying the components of informal education of improve the lifestyle of employees. Methodology: The current research in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of data was qualitative. The population of the current research was written sources related to the research field and organizational and universal experts in this field, and the sample of this study was 19 case of written sources and 20 people of experts who were selected by purposive and snowball sampling methods. Data were collected by taking notes from written sources and semi-structured interviews with experts and were analyzed by coding method according to the grounded theory in MAXQDA version 2020 software. Findings: The findings showed that informal education of improve the lifestyle of employees had 136 concepts in 12 components; So that in the central phenomenon section including two components of nature and method, in the causal conditions section including two components of organizational culture and individual factors, in the contextual conditions section including two components of educational facilities and managers' support, in the intervening conditions section including two components of legal obstacles and infrastructural obstacles, in the strategies section including two components of internal organization and organizational knowledge and in the consequences section including two components of competency improvement and empowerment. Conclusion: Considering the components of informal education of improve the lifestyle can be taken effective steps to improve the lifestyle of employees.

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to provide a management model for preventing cyber addiction in the youth of Zanjan province. Methodology: The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of research implementation method; And it is specifically based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research includes teachers, educational and research assistants and managers of education and schools in Zanjan province, and according to Cochran's formula, 370 people were selected as a sample. Sampling was done by simple random method. The collection tool in this research is a researcher-made questionnaire derived from the qualitative method. To analyze the data from the confirmatory factor analysis tests to examine the research question using SPSS version 23 software; Structural method was used to compile the model and AMOS software was used to design the final research model. Findings: The findings of the research showed that the components of family factors, individual factors, attractions of virtual space, lack of media literacy, social conditions, cultural environment, social policies, unemployment and poverty, social participation, family education, life skills education, cultural and sports facilities, virtual space management, increasing efficiency, promoting mental health have a good fit in the measurement models. Conclusion: In order to prevent the disintegration of families, parents must be somewhat familiar with and aware of today's technologies.

Purpose: Entrepreneurship plays an effective role in creating and increasing employment, and the development of entrepreneurial talents is effective in this field. As a result, the aim of this study was to identifying and evaluating the effective educational factors on the development of entrepreneurial talents. Methodology: The method of this research was of mixed exploratory type (qualitative and quantitative). The population of the qualitative part of this research was the Iranian academic and electrical industry experts, which according to the principle of theoretical saturation, 20 people of them were selected by purposive sampling method and were subjected to semi-structured interviews. The population of the quantitative part of this research was the employees of specialized parent companies, which 218 people of whom were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling method and answered the researcher-made questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the tools of both qualitative and quantitative parts were examined and confirmed and the data obtained from their implementation were analyzed by open, axial and selective coding methods in MAXQDA-V2020 software and exploratory factor analysis and one sample t-test in SPSS-V23 and LISREL-V8 software. Findings: The findings of this study in the qualitative part showed that the effective educational factors on the development of entrepreneurial talents had 66 indicators, 16 components and 2 categories; So that the category of effective educational factors has 8 components including the psychological characteristics of the teacher, social intelligence, organizational coordination, encouraging talents to entrepreneurship, leadership and management style, educational content, space and educational equipment and teaching methods and the category of development of entrepreneurial talents has 8 components including risk-taking, locus of control, need to success, mental health, pragmatism, ambiguity tolerance, dreaming and discovering and exploiting from opportunities. Also, the findings of this study in the quantitative part showed that the effective educational factors on the development of entrepreneurial talents had 66 items and 16 components in 2 dimensions of effective educational factors and development of entrepreneurial talents; So that all the items had a factor load of higher than 0.40, all components had a content validity ratio of higher than 0.70, all of them had an average extracted variance of higher than 0.50, and all of them had a Cronbach's alpha of higher than 0.70. In addition, the average of all components of effective educational factors and development of entrepreneurial talents except mental health significantly was higher than the hypothetical average (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study for improvement and development of entrepreneurial talents can be establish the field for the realization of effective educational factors on it including the psychological characteristics of the teacher, social intelligence, organizational coordination, encouraging talents to entrepreneurship, leadership and management style, educational content, space and educational equipment and teaching methods.

Purpose: The blended training implies a continuous process of teaching and learning. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of determining the causal relationships between the identified factors in the development model of blended training in Tehran education. Methodology: The current research in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was descriptive from survey type. The population of this study was all the managers and assistants of education in Tehran city, which number of 242 manager and assistant were selected as a sample using the available sampling method. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire of development of blended training in education with 75 items. The data were analyzed with the methods of exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling in SPSS-V23 and LISREL-V8.8 software. Findings: The results of this study indicated that the development model of blended training in education had three components of constituent factors, organizational factors and educational factors, which its validity and reliability were confirmed. Also, the development model of blended training in education had a good fit and in this model, organizational factors and educational factors had a positive and direct effect on constituent factors of blended training in education (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, in order to improve the development of blended training in education can provide the ground for the realization of organizational factors and educational factors.

Purpose: Rumor management in the context of social networks for government organizations is very important in order to maintain the organization's reputation and improve its performance. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of designing a qualitative pattern of rumor management in the context of social networks in the Iranian government organizations. Methodology: The current research in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of its implementation method was qualitative. The research population was experts in the field of public administration and organizational behavior in the field of research. The sample of the present study according to the principle of theoretical saturation was estimated to be 15 people which this number was selected by the purposeful sampling method and they were subjected to semi-structured interviews, and its validity was confirmed by the triangulation method and its reliability was estimated by the Cohen's kappa coefficient method 0.719. Data were analyzed by coding method in MAXQDA-2020 software. Findings: The findings of this research indicated that 95 open codes, 5 core codes and 2 selective codes were identified for rumor management in the context of social networks in the Iranian government organizations. In this study, the selected codes were included the malicious rumors with three core codes of bad feelings, rumor transmission and thinking power, and innocent rumors with two core codes of trust building and reference support. Finally, the output of the software was drawn for the qualitative pattern of rumor management in the context of social networks in the Iranian government organizations. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present research, the managers of Iranian government organizations can prevent their destructive effect on the advancement of the organization's goals by managing malicious rumors and innocent rumors.

Purpose: Organizational citizenship behavior improves the organization's conditions and creates a competitive advantage, and on this basis, research on the development of organizational citizenship behavior education is very important. As a result, the current research was conducted with the aim of identifying affecting factors on the development of organizational citizenship behavior education and providing suitable managerial strategies. Methodology: In a descriptive study from type of qualitative, among the universal and organizational experts of Islamic Azad University of Fars province in the 2021-2022 academic years, number of 19 people were selected as a sample by purposive sampling method and according to the principle of theoretical saturation. The samples were subjected to a semi-structured interview, which their validity was confirmed by the triangulation method and their reliability was obtained by the agreement coefficient method between two coders 0.83. The data from semi-structured interviews were analyzed with open, axial and selective coding method in MAXQDA-2020 software. Findings: The results of the analysis showed that the affecting factors on the development of organizational citizenship behavior education had 35 indicators, 8 components and 3 dimensions. In this study, the dimensions were included individual factors with two components of citizenship knowledge and citizenship skills, organizational factors with three components of job satisfaction, organizational culture and job engagement and educational factors with three components of educational infrastructure, educational quality and employees as learners. Also, managerial strategies in the development of organizational citizenship behavior education were included 5 strategies of effective leadership, effective education, providing feedback and encouragement, applying guidelines and policies and promotion based on organizational citizenship behavior. Conclusion: According to the affecting factors on the development of organizational citizenship behavior education and the five identified strategies for it can be prepared the ground for improving and promoting the organizational citizenship behavior.

Purpose: Today, the online purchase intention can create a competitive advantage for the organization and social media marketing activities can be effective in this field. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of social media marketing activities on the online purchase intention of sportswear customers according to the mediating role of the company's brand. Methodology: This research based on the purpose was a practical and based on the nature was a cross-sectional from type of descriptive. The population of this study was the sportswear customers of different brands in Mazandaran province who used social media to buy products. The sample size based on the Krejcie and Morgan table was determined 384 people who these people were selected by available sampling method. The tool of the current research was a 32-item researcher-made questionnaire with three dimensions of social media marketing activities (9 items), online purchase intention (2 items) and company's brand (21 items and 4 components of brand loyalty, brand experience, brand attitude and customer-brand relationship). The content validity of the researcher-made questionnaire was estimated at 0.75 by 8 professors and their reliability was estimated ranged from 0.65 to 0.83. Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling In SPSS-V25 and Smart.PLS-V24 software. Findings: The results of this study showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between the most variables of social media marketing activities, brand loyalty, brand experience, brand attitude, customer-brand relationship and online purchase intention (P<0.05). Also, the model of social media marketing activities on the online purchase intention of sportswear customers according to the mediating role of the company's brand had a good fit, and in the mentioned model, the variable of social media marketing activities on the brand loyalty, brand experience, brand attitude and customer-brand relationship and the variables of brand loyalty, brand experience, brand attitude and customer-brand relationship on the online purchase intention had a direct and significant effect and the variable of social media marketing activities with the mediating of brand loyalty, brand experience, brand attitude and customer-brand relationship on the online purchase intention had an indirect and significant effect (P<0.05). Conclusion: Social media marketing activities directly and indirectly through company's brand impact on the online purchase intention. Therefore, to improve customers' online purchase intentions can be improved the social media marketing activities and company's brand.