درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

EU has developed a plethora of initiatives to deal with the southern shores of the Mediterranean Sea. From Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EMP) and the so-called Barcelona Process to European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) and Union for the Mediterranean (UfM), different regional programs have been implemented in the Mediterranean region. The diversity and increasing number of countries involved have led to a feel of Mediterranean bazaar with diverging directions. Thus, one question appears to remain unanswered: In what ways have ideational foundations affected the EU initiatives in the Southern shores of the Mediterranean Sea? The research hypothesis states that differences in ideational foundations of the Mediterranean powers, namely, France, Italy and Spain, in moments of crisis have led to the multiplication of initiatives and brought in at times conflicting arrangements between the north and the south of the Mediterranean Sea. The research question was answered under the Constructivist Institutionalism using the qualitative methodology of content analysis.  Research findings reveal that when confronted with moments of self-doubt (crisis), each of the Mediterranean powers has effectuated an institutional change according to its established ideas and cognitive filters.

Purpose: Rumor management in the context of social networks for government organizations is very important in order to maintain the organization's reputation and improve its performance. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of designing a qualitative pattern of rumor management in the context of social networks in the Iranian government organizations. Methodology: The current research in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of its implementation method was qualitative. The research population was experts in the field of public administration and organizational behavior in the field of research. The sample of the present study according to the principle of theoretical saturation was estimated to be 15 people which this number was selected by the purposeful sampling method and they were subjected to semi-structured interviews, and its validity was confirmed by the triangulation method and its reliability was estimated by the Cohen's kappa coefficient method 0.719. Data were analyzed by coding method in MAXQDA-2020 software. Findings: The findings of this research indicated that 95 open codes, 5 core codes and 2 selective codes were identified for rumor management in the context of social networks in the Iranian government organizations. In this study, the selected codes were included the malicious rumors with three core codes of bad feelings, rumor transmission and thinking power, and innocent rumors with two core codes of trust building and reference support. Finally, the output of the software was drawn for the qualitative pattern of rumor management in the context of social networks in the Iranian government organizations. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present research, the managers of Iranian government organizations can prevent their destructive effect on the advancement of the organization's goals by managing malicious rumors and innocent rumors.

Purpose: This study aimed at investigating the effect of competency-based approach on enhancing complexity, accuracy, and fluency of writing of pre-service teachers. Methodology: To this end, an Oxford Quick Placement Test (OQPT) was administered to 100 Iranian pre-service teachers studying at Farhangian University, of whom 40 upper-intermediate learners were selected and assigned to an experimental group (n = 20) and a control group (n = 20). The selected participants were both male and female and aged from 19 to 22. Both selected groups were then given a writing test as the pre-test. Subsequently, the experimental group received the competency-based treatment and were proposed to some real-world issues and there was no time limit. However, the traditional styles used for improving the writing skill of the subjects in the control group and a specific time limit was considered for the subjects to do the job. After that, a writing post-test and an attitude questionnaire were delivered to the participants. The obtained data was analyzed using one-way between group analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and one-sample t-test. Findings: The results indicated no significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores of the control group, whereas, the post-test scores of the participants in experimental group were significantly better than their pre-test scores especially regarding complexity. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the teachers should take competency-based approach into consideration in their target language classes to have a more fruitful educational process.