درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Ships have always been considered and used as one of the important factors facilitating transportation and trade between countries. For this reason, maritime transport and its related industries are expanding more than before, and the diversity and equipment that can be used on ships is increasing. Nowadays, a lot of carbon is emitted by the shipping industry. It is expected that with the increase in world trade, carbon production will grow more than before. For this reason, the International Maritime Organization and the United Nations reviewed several regulations designed to reduce carbon emissions. These regulations should be applied to market actions business plans, etc. This research, which is a descriptive-analytical method, has tried to answer the basic question, what is the approach of international law regarding the ability of carbon control regulations to affect the shipping industry? The approach of this research shows that from the point of view of international law, carbon control regulations significantly affect the shipping industry.

Maritime terrorism is as old as its history. From ancient times to the first decade of the 21st century, perpetrators of all kinds of violence, including kidnapping, sabotage and direct attacks on targets, have inhabited the high seas as well as the wider marine environment. Terrorism at sea becomes important when a significant part of the world's trade is carried out by sea. One of the challenges of dealing with terrorism at sea and the inefficiency of the means to deal with it is found in the Convention on the Law of the Sea. Therefore, security in the seas is also considered a part of this convention; But in it, the issue of maritime terrorism is not addressed separately. Therefore, terrorist crimes in the seas and the fight against them are among the issues raised in international law, especially the international law of the seas, so that the first measures in this direction also go back to the era of the League of Nations. However, this article tries to use the descriptive and analytical research method while measuring the mechanisms of dealing with crimes in the sea territory, and examines the way of dealing with and suppressing terrorist crimes. Of course, according to the concern of coastal communities and international organizations caused by maritime terrorism, a suitable solution can be proposed, which is the participation of private companies to help fight terrorism in the sea, despite the disagreement about this approach and legal basis. It acted in international law.

Postmodernism in the contemporary world asserts that there is neither a dominant nor an ideal marriage form as monogamy or even a classical family type. Unlike modernists who sought human issues as permanent entities, postmodernists believe in everything to be of a transient nature. In the same vein, they argue that love and law are ephemeral rather than eternal entities. Mariage blanc has increased in many aspects corollary to this ideology. In a world of no restrictions, postmodernists indulge in short and diverse satisfactions, whereas the classic world believed that long-lasting personal relationships are more important to personal fulfillment and happiness. Therefore, attitude toward marriage for a durable satisfaction is subdued to having a serious relationship. It seems, however, that quality in the relationships is superseded by quantity in the postmodern era.

In the current globalized scenario, in view of the existence of phenomena and dynamics that go beyond state territories, of the integration of States in supranational and globally considered political systems, it is possible to perceive the emergence of new forms of political-legal organization in the international community that raise constitutionals conceptions beyond the classical perspective of the State-centered Constitution Theory. Thus, in view of the manifestation of a quantitative and qualitative growth of international law based on the identification of constitutional elements, an issue that has been gaining importance in debates and in the internationalist agenda, the problem to be developed asks: how is the development of Global Constitutionalism composed? considering the common challenges of the globalized world that transcend state borders, the confusion between external and internal limits, as well as the transformations of law in the international order, it is necessary to analyze the present content due to the need to point out directions by where you can tread the reflection in relation to the development of Global Constitutionalism. In this sense, the present study intends to find theoretical trends that compose the identification of the development process of the Global Constitutionalism paradigm. To answer the exposed problem, some objectives need to be achieved. Initially, an overview of the perspective of classical constitutional theory will be carried out. Then, we move on to the observation of the manifestation of Constitutionalism beyond the State. Finally, trends and aspects of the development of Global Constitutionalism will be examined.