درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Banks, in order to extend the development of information technology and electronic banking services and its using by customers, in first place, should examine barriers and problems in using information technology. Therefore, in this study we deal with identifying and prioritizing these barriers in Iranian banks. Our method in this research is descriptive-survey. In this way, after the library study and the extraction of factors and problems facing the information technology, common indexes is extracted by Delphi approach, which is classified in 8 categories and led to 17 indexes. Then, by helping the fuzzy DEMATEL approach we prioritize these indexes. By using MATLAB software the affecting and the affected factors was analyzed. The results show that the affecting factors on development of electronic banking include society culture of acceptance, lack of public awareness, the field of communications, strong culture of organization, managers’ acquaintance with technology, strong regulations to deal with cyber criminals, recruitment of skilled human resources and coordination in the adoption of field of policies in the of technology. Also the affected factors of development of electronic banking include existence of centers of various decision making in technology, development and being adequate networks, individuals’ continuous training, managers planning about promotion and maintenance of systems, existence of modern hardware and software, system monitoring and safety, required standards in information resources, lack of deficiency in accuracy and being up to date the information and information resources. They all are affecting from other factors in electronic banking development. JEL Classification: C44, G210

Accurate Measuring of poverty and its distribution in various areas, in addition to being crucial for cognitive purposes, could have different policy implications and affect policy assessments. The Household expenditures criteria is typically used to measure poverty, and poverty is often assessed using a poverty line and alternative indices. A major difficulty associated with this method is, however, that it fails to take the purchasing power of money in different areas into account. In fact, households with the same amount of expenditures living in areas with higher price levels enjoy lower levels of welfare in comparison with those living in areas with lower price levels. Since the consumer price index cannot reflect the difference between price levels in different areas, this index is not useful for evaluating differences in purchasing power. In this paper, we shall first present an index which reflects price levels in the Iranian year ending in March 2012, and then we shall test the equality of poverty measures hypothesis before and after adjusting expenditures with the proposed price level index using statistical tests and the dominance approach. According to the results, and regardless of the defined poverty line, adjusting expenditures based on all poverty measures characterized by a week monotonicity, will reduce the calculated poverty measures. Furthermore, after adjustment, the ranking of provinces with respect to poverty will drastically change. This could change the share of each province in reducing poverty budgets. JEL Classification: C40, E31, I32

Understanding the dynamics of productivity shocks is instrumental if we are to identify the sources of economic growth. This paper, investigates dynamic effects of positives productivity shocks to agricultural subsectors during the period from 1991-2015, by disaggregating agricultural sector in Iran into four key subsectors (crops, livestock, fishing and forestry) through an estimated DSGE model. Our Bayesian estimation results suggest that positive productivity shocks lead to an increase in output, consumption, capital, employment and real wages and a fall in marginal costs and price indexes in all four subsectors. Comparing the results across the subsectors shows that following the shocks, generally, crops and livestock have the strongest reactions and forestry has the weakest ones. Additionally, among the variables, output indicates the highest responses to the shocks. Variance decomposition analysis reveals that agricultural fluctuations are mainly explained by productivity, monetary, preference and government spending shocks.