درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Foreign trade expansion plays an important role in economic growth and development. Since Iran’s single-product economy is facing tight sanctions, among trading partners, Turkey benefits from special place, and political independence in international relations because of its large population, rising per capita income, high economic growth rate, geographical and cultural proximity to Iran. Many opportunities and substantial capacities have been established for expanding foreign trade between these two countries. To do this, it is necessary to determine the maximum export capacity of Iran to Turkey and whether this capacity has actually been deployed and realized or not. The next question is what the bases of Iran’s export development to Turkey are, and the goods which should be focused on to develop trading. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the maximum export capacity of Iran to Turkey and to determine the commodities with the highest export capacity. The Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index, the Cosine Index, and the General Model of the gravity model were used to evaluate Iran’s export potential and to determine commodities in which Iran has export advantage. Iran’s export potential to Turkey was investigated in various years and in different commodity groups by comparing the rate of export volume of each commodity to total volume of its import by Turkey. Research findings indicated that the highest Iranian export potential value to Turkey was $9,339 million, and just 7.2% of that ($669 million) has been realized. Also, 11 commodity groups formed more than 66% of Iranian potential exports to Turkey. Among them, ‘mineral products’ with $2,730 million, ‘plastics and natural rubber and artifacts made from them’ with 1,185 million, ‘common metals and artifacts made from them’ with $918 million, and ‘products of the chemical industry and its related industries’ with $879 million were respectively the four commodity groups with the highest export potential. JEL Classification: F14]

In financial markets, the main component of risk management is liquidity risk. Asset and Liability Management (ALM) strategy is concerned with managing all risks. Asset and liability management seeks to manage liquidity risk, which refers to both the liquidity of markets and which assets can be translated into cash. The liquidity is importantly affected by the management of banks’ balance sheets. This paper contributes to the discussion by focusing on liquidity and asset and liability management by providing a theoretical framework to examine how the ALM could be reduced the liquidity risk in banking. We investigate the effect of ALM indicators on liquidity risk. We measure liquidity risk, and ALM with indicators approach, using financial statement in 2006-2018 and panel data approach. The results indicate that if asset and liability management improves, liquidity risk decrease and if the ratio of capital adequacy increases, the bank can better cover liquidity risk, and so increasing in capital adequacy will reduce liquidity risk. Deposit per shareholders increases the liquidity risk of banks. Interest rate increases liquidity risk. When profitability increases, liquidity risk will increase. The relation between liquidity risk and profitability is positive.