درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Money laundering refers to the concealment of the illegal origin of proceeds obtained from criminal activities, making it appear as if they stem from legal sources. This phenomenon has numerous negative impacts on various economic and social spheres; thus, the countries` authorities - alongside international bodies - have sought to combat it by enacting the necessary laws and regulations and enforcing them. This collaboration occurs to prevent the establishment of a free zone for money laundering and ensures that the efficiency of enforcing these regulations is not disrupted. Iran, due to being in the financial Action Task Force (FATF) blacklist, is considered a free zone from this perspective. This makes the research on evaluating money laundering methods applicable to this country and also makes selecting suitable methods significant and appealing. Therefore, this study utilized the findings of the study by Hendriyetty and Grewal (2017) and, considering the information limitations in Iran, employed a combination method using capital flight approach as an index for measuring money laundering. The results of the research indicate that over a 28-year period, from 1995 to 2022, approximately 553 billion dollars have been laundered in Iran, averaging about 20 billion dollars annually. The highest amount of money laundering in Iran occurred in 2011, during which nearly 55 billion dollars was laundered in the country. Additionally, the observations show the lowest amount of money laundering at around 4.8 billion dollars in 2001.

This study aims to explore the dynamics of financial contracting in Iranian startups and high-tech companies, with a particular focus on the challenges posed by information asymmetry between investors and entrepreneurs. We collected and analyzed data from 123 Iranian Shareholder Agreements (ShAs). We employed a range of descriptive statistics to provide a comprehensive summary of the data. Also, to explore the relationships between our variables, we utilized Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression. The terms and conditions of these contracts were examined to understand the diversity and influence of these terms and how they are applied in the real world in the context of Iran. We also investigated Iranian venture capitalists' behavior in obtaining cash flow rights and control rights, and a complete description is presented through various factors, including components of cash flow rights and control rights. Our analysis revealed a limited diversity in the terms and conditions of the contracts, suggesting a potential emulation of U.S. ShAs. We found that Iranian venture capitalists tend to secure maximum cash flow and control rights, exceeding their U.S. counterparts. Preferred stocks emerged as the primary choice for investing in startup companies. However, a detailed examination of the relationship between cash flow rights and control rights indicated a lack of a unified and coherent approach in contract design, reflecting a highly conservative stance among investors. This study contributes to understanding financial contracting dynamics in emerging markets like Iran. It highlights the gap between theoretical frameworks and real-world practices, shedding light on how these factors shape the relationships between investors and entrepreneurs.