درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Aims: We investigated gender differences among adolescents in quality of sleep, psychophysiological problems, dream frequency, emotional states, and personality traits and also if the effect of quality of sleep on psychophysiological problems, dream frequency, emotional states, and personality traits was moderated by gender. Method: High school pupils (n1 = 155, n2 = 142, and n3 = 325) responded to the Uppsala Sleep Inventory, the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule, Beck’s Depression Inventory, the Type A-Personality Scale, and the Temperament and Character Inventory. Gender differences were investigated using Multivariate Analyses of Variance and moderation using multi-group Structural Equation Modeling. Results: Girls scored higher in major sleep problems, difficulties falling asleep, night awakenings, psychophysiological problems, dream frequency, negative affect, depression, stress, and Type A-personality. Boys scored higher in novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and persistence. Girls’ quality of sleep was related to their psychophysiological problems, dream frequency, positive affect, negative affect, stress, novelty seeking, reward dependence, persistence, and self-directedness. Boys’ quality of sleep was related to their psychophysiological problems, negative affect, stress, Type A-personality, novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and self-directedness. Conclusion: Girls showed the unhealthiest sleep-psychophysiological-emotional-personality profile. For both genders, good quality of sleep or “beauty sleep” might result in less psychophysiological problems, less negative affect, less stress, less novelty seeking, and less self-directedness. However, for boys, “sleeping beauty” comprises less Type A-behaviour, ss harm avoidance, and more reward dependence; while for girls “sleeping beauty” comprises less frequency of vivid dreams, more positive affect, less reward dependence, and more persistent behaviour.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to create a conceptual empirical model and develop a causal model that is able to explain overall performance of MS patients’ families and provide a scientific and empirical basis to Iranian culture to identify the psychological indexes of hardiness, hope, and resiliency, as well as the mediator role of moral foundations and spiritual experiences involved in family overall performances among patients’ spouses. For this purpose, using non-random sampling method, 220 subjects were selected out of all patients with MS and their spouses in two cities of Tehran and Karaj in 2014-2015. They completed the questionnaires of Family Assessment Device, Hardiness Scale (Kobasa, 1990), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Snyder Hope Scale, Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale, and Moral Foundations Questionnaire (Hythe & Graham, 2007) personally and non- personally. In order to analyze the data, common methods of descriptive statistics, structural equations, path analysis, and multiple regression were used and the data were analyzed using the software packages of SPSS and LISREL. The results showed that hope was determined as the variable that predicts family overall performance with a good effect coefficient. The other important finding about the model was that the path from the mediator variable of spiritual experiences towards family overall performance was not direct, that is spiritual experience was effective on moral foundations and moral foundations in turn was the most effective path to family overall performance.