درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Leslie Marmon Silko, an American Indian writer, is one of the pioneers of literary renaissance in Native American literature. Her works are focused on cultural identity, the Native people’s struggle to preserve their past and culture by means of storytelling. This article focuses on Silko’s fictional world as both fiction and history. Moreover, it deals with the cultural trauma ingrained in the Indigenous people’s collective memories, which have shaped Silko’s imagined geography in her works. Regarding the theoretical axis of discussions concerning history, historiography and emplotment of history, this article uses theories of Hayden White to explore the place of historiography in narrative. Furthermore, it applies the critical arguments concerning cultural trauma proposed by Jeffrey C. Alexander. The research proves that Silko and her characters are haunted not by the desire for history, or the past itself; but rather, they are haunted by the desire for the act of historical recollection and the process of remembering and surviving. Finally, this article shows that Silko, as a historical figure with certain literary-historiographical ambitions, reconstructs her cultural heritage and cultural identity through storytelling and fictionalizes history to give voice to her silenced land, past and history, and dismantle the dominant Euro-American historiography.

This study deals with spotting the grammatical errors committed by the Iranian students majoring in English translation while translating the Persian sentences into English and investigating the effect of two teaching methods, including Grammar-Translation Method (GTM) and Communicative Language Teaching Method (CLT), on minimizing these errors. For this purpose, the grammatical errors in the translation of thirty students were identified. These errors were analyzed and classified according to Keshavarz’s model of error analysis.  The students were divided into two groups; the first group received the learning materials based on GTM, and in the second group CLT was applied. Afterward, a test which included English sentences extracted from Modern English 1 and 2 was designed based on the errors taken from the corpus compiled by the students’ translations. Then the frequency of the errors in both groups were analyzed by SPSS software to determine the significance of using these methods on minimizing the grammatical errors made by the students in their translations into English. To determine the level of significance, the probability value was calculated for raw errors, GTM and CLT errors. The analysis of Pearson correlation showed that both methods had their significance; however, the communicative method proved to be slightly more effective than the other. Undoubtedly, this does not mean to underestimate the efficacy of grammar translation method since it seems that it plays a complementary role in teaching environment, and achieving better pedagogical results cannot be prescribed on a single method.

L’univers leclézien est un univers de voyage mouvementé et dynamique. Il s’agit du mouvement des hommes et des populations entières vers les grands pôles démographiques mondiaux souvent anonymes. Le voyage est la clé fondamentale de cette mutation. Abandonnés à eux-mêmes dans l’embarras de leur vie, les pourchassés des guerres coloniales, les immigrés démunis, les gitanes ou les nomades du désert se rallient aux flux qui les emmènent vers les grandes villes utopiques. Se présentant sous de multiples aspects d’un phénomène globale -l’immigration-, ce processus de voyage individuel ou de groupe, vers l’infini implique peu ou prou l’ensemble de l’écoumène, Ce changement d’échelle et cette « fracture » brutale dans la conception de l’espace et du mode de vie ne restent pas sans effets ni chez l’immigré, ni sur l’environnement qui l’entoure. Des pauses introspectives éclairent minutieusement d’une façon analytique les deux bouts du mouvement migratoire : Terre de départ et terre d’accueil. Dans les deux cas ce "malaise de l'espace", qui engendre la recherche d'un espace sublimé, devient le moteur des aventures du héros. L’art de Le Clézio réside en particulier dans la peinture de ces effets dont nous allons décliner les aspects problématiques avec une grille d’analyse anthropologique.