درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The present paper seeks to address and examine the literary movements, trends, and schools in Kurdish literature, and to account for their true representations in Kurdish literary works. According to contemporary Kurdish literary historians, Kurdish literature before the era of the Renewal is referred to as the classical literature; Romanticism appeared simultaneously with the Renewal, and realism was manifested afterwards. Is it appropriate to refer to these trends and periods in the Kurdish context as classicism, romanticism, and realism? The present research argues that these terms applied to Kurdish literature were introduced into Kurdish letters and culture as the immediate result of the influence of European letters and trends. The central argument of this study is that Kurdish literary movements and the historical epochs assigned to them by the scholars are not the same as what is observed in the history of French and English literature. This study considers the whole body of Kurdish written literature into three distinct periods and sections that are the ancient literature, also called ‘the literature of Diwan’, from the beginning to the early twentieth century, ‘the literature of the renewal period’, from the 1900s to the mid twentieth century, and ‘the modern and contemporary literature’, from the 1960s to the present.

The present study, through considering Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) theory and scaffolding strategy, investigates the use of scaffolding strategy in a language institute and explores the effectiveness of this method on EFL learners' reading achievement of short stories. The researchers adopted a quasi-experimental research design, and the sample of the study consisted of 60 EFL learners.  Including 30 students, the experimental group benefited an implementation of scaffolding strategy and related techniques. The control group (including 30 students) benefited from no implementation of scaffolding strategy and related techniques. An interactive communicative language method of teaching was used for the control group. Moreover, a related questionnaire was used to explore the EFL learners' attitude of the experimental group on the mentioned strategy.  The reading achievement was measured using a pre-test and a post-test for both the experimental and control groups. The obtained results were analyzed descriptively, the statistical manifestation of which is presented in figures. Items are elaborated separately through tables, and two independent sample t-tests were carried out for the revelation of the result.  The data were analyzed using t-test, eta square, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). This study concluded that the employment of scaffolding teaching strategy had a significant impact on the improvement of Iranian EFL learners’ reading achievement of short stories and the students' attitude towards the mentioned strategy was completely positive. Also, the findings revealed that there was not a significant difference between the male and female students' performance.  

Traduire les œuvres de Al-e Ahmad, en recréant le rythme de la langue parlée dans la langue cible est un travail difficile. Ayant utilisé des phrases cadencées et saccadées, plein d’allitération et de figure de style, il donne un rythme particulier à son écriture. Par une étude traductologique concentrée sur les réflexions d’Henri Meschonnic, nous tentons à dégager les difficultés et impasses de la traduction de l’œuvre d’Al-e Ahmad à travers la traduction d’Une pierre posée sur une tombe, son œuvre posthume. Pour arriver à ce but, nous allons étudier le rythme des phrases de Al-e Ahmad sous trois axes : rythme linguistique, rythme rhétorique et rythme poétique. Nous allons constater que les problèmes d’ordre linguistique causés par la déviation grammaticale et phonologicale d’une part et des problèmes d’ordre culturel, liés aux contextes traditionnels iraniens d’autre part sont des obstacles qui rendent difficile le travail du traducteur et l’ont parfois poussé à utiliser certaines façons d’adaptation causant ainsi une perte importante du rythme langagier de Al-e Ahmad. Etant donné que ce livre n’est pas encore traduit en français, les parties proposées sont effectuées par l’auteur de l’article.