درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The purpose of this study is to explore the image of loss in modern American drama in the theme of family. The image of loss prevails the post-war era of American drama in three levels of psychological, physical, and moral space. This image is clearly observable in two of the prominent works of the era, Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie and Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman. Moreover, this image of loss is closely connected with the notion of time. The familial breakdown appears as a sustaining motif that plays a central role in the psychologically shattered personality of the major characters, as a result of the profound changes in the American post-war society and family. World War II was a milestone in the society as a whole, and in the family as a smaller society, and correspondingly among the people as entities which the image of loss seemed inseparable from. American post-War drama fully represents the tough conditions of that era particularly in the themes of familial breakdown and the image of loss.

The subject of the present study is the metaphorical chain, a lesser-known characteristic of metaphorization in Khaghani's poetry. The purpose of this study is to better understand the ability of Khaghani odes, his specific techniques in metaphorization, the rhetorical capacities of the Persian language, and the elegance of Khaghani’s poetry. The statistical population was selected according to the version of Khaghani's odes emented by Mirjad al-Din al-Kaza'i, which contains 130 odes. The sample size was based on Cochran's formula and 97 odes were selected by simple random sampling using a random number table. The research method employed was descriptive-analytical. Data were obtained through the library and document analysis method and analyzed based on the content analysis technique. According to the research findings, in metaphorization, Khaghani used strange and far-fetched metaphors, hybrid metaphors, and metaphorical chains. The metaphorical chain is one of the lesser-known features of Persian literature and a stylistic feature of Khaghani’s poetry that distinguishes him from Iranian and Arab poets. Choosing the present tense with the transitive verb provided the poet with a metaphorical chain as exemplified in an 88-verse poem with the two motifs of the Prophet Mohamed's (p.b.u.h.) grave soil and praise of his poetry. In this poem, he succeeds in creating 44 metaphors for the grave of the Prophet (p.b.u.h) and 14 metaphors in praising his poetry as a paradigmatic axis.