درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The multi-core spatial structure is one of the important and basic topics in urban planning studies, which is considered both as a framework for evaluating urban development and as a basic spatial development goal. Considering the importance of the multi-core spatial structure pattern, especially for large cities with high populations and diverse and complex activities, the present study aims to evaluate the spatial structure of Tabriz city from the perspective of multi-core pattern development based on the spatial distribution of functions and population across the city. The present study employs a Quantitative Correlational Research method. The documentary method is used for data collection, and various techniques such as mean center, standard deviational ellipse, kernel density estimation, location quotient (L.Q.), nearest neighbor index, and geographically weighted regression are applied for data analysis. The study examines six functions: religious, educational, commercial, healthcare, industrial, and administrative. The findings suggest that the spatial distribution of functional cores, except for industrial and commercial functions, exhibits a single-core spatial structure in the city center. Also, the results indicate that the correlation between functional cores and the population of Tabriz city, based on the spatial regression test, is moderate. Accordingly, an imbalance in the distribution of functional cores in Tabriz City is evident. Therefore, Tabriz is located in a single-core state, and due to the increase in the distribution of administrative and medical functions in the eastern and industries in the western, it can become a multi-core model.

The color temperature of light is one of the important indicators in lighting that should be considered. Because people experience and feel their surroundings not only with brightness and darkness, light and shadow but also through colors, the feeling that the color of the light creates in the space affects human perception and health through the warmth and coldness of the light. The color receptivity and color temperature chart is a tool that determines how the human eye feels when faced with a spectrum of light. Since the purpose of this research is to analyze the light quality of the s tained glass windows of traditional Iranian architecture, calculating the color temperature will be a suitable criterion for judgment, that is, if the color temperature of the light from the s tained glass windows is calculated, the experience of people in facing the light can be calculated quantitatively. Comparative methods were used to analyze the quality of light based on the color temperature curve with calculation tris timulus values XYZ from spectral data and calculation xyz chromaticity values. Inves tigations showed that the light color temperature of 65% of the windows is 3000 to 4600 K, and 35% is. In these windows with this combination model and area percentage of four colors, red, green, blue, and yellow, the quality of light has not decreased based on the color temperature curve.

It is vitally important to recognize the differences in abilities among learners and then adapt training programs to their characteristics in team design training (TDT). According to this background, the present study aims to identify and predict students' team design ability and its dimensions, content, and process, using their learning preferences (LPs) within the modes of receiving/perceiving information, viz., abstract conceptualization/concrete experience (AC/CE) and processing/internalizing it, namely, active experimentation/reflective observation (AE/RO) in Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory (KELT). In this respect, the self-and-peer assessment (S&PA) outcomes in the design teams indicate a significant correlation between the students' bipolar LPs (BLPs) and their team design ability along with its dimensions, implying that their team design ability can be well predicted from their LPs. It is thus expected that learners who prefer to exploit AC in receiving/perceiving information and AE in processing/internalizing it and those correspondingly choosing CE and AE for the same purposes will have better ability in the content and process dimensions of team design, respectively. Considering the impact of both dimensions and their effectiveness ratio on the overall team design ability, it is concluded that learners who wish to process/internalize information by AE will exhibit higher team design ability.

In Nigeria, crowded housing is one of the housing stresses that bother policy-makers and housing authorities.This study exامینes the crowding levels in seven marital status categories among the occupants of Lagos State Development and Property Corporation’s apartments. The focus is on the capacity of an apartment’s internal spaces to meet the sleeping needs of households in different marital arrangements. A case study of four housing estates was purposively selected among Lagos State Development and Property Corporation’s multifamily categories, with a population of 7,764 apartments. A sample of 7.5% (582) was chosen using stratification and systematic random techniques. A pretested questionnaire instrument was used to collect the relevant demographic data of occupants. The occupants in different marital arrangements were grouped into three: households that harboured one to two occupants; households that harboured three to five occupants; and households that harboured six or more occupants. The result shows that households containing three to five persons were the most dominant in all apartment types while households that contain six or more persons were very few. Generally, the result showed no substantial disparity in the incidence of crowding among households of various marital classifications in different apartment types. The link between “Separated” and “Divorced” was revealed, as both types were not found among respondents living in two-bedroom apartments. The number of occupants in the “just single” and “married” categories were high compared to others. These results are significant for policies regarding occupancy, crowding and design of Lagos State Development and Property Corporation’s apartments.