درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose: Haematological, hormonal, biochemical and physical performance parameters were altered after long-term soccer training in professional soccer players. These alterations can be influenced by different contextual factors such as playing surface, training load, duration of training and competition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the haematological, inflammatory, antioxidant and physical performance of beach soccer players during the competitive season of the beach soccer. Method: The study examined 15 elite beach soccer players in Iranian beach soccer primer league (age 24.64 ± 4.01 y, weight 75.08 ± 8.15 kg, height 181.00 ± 5.17 cm, body mass index 22.76 ± 2.36) from the pre-season, mid-season and end-season. Measurements of haematological, inflammatory, antioxidants indices and aerobic / anaerobic power were repeated in the pre-season, mid-season and end-season. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to examine indicators change during league season. Results: Significant decrease in SOD (p = 0.001), TAC (p = 0.043) and anaerobic power (p ≤ 0.048) and significant increase in GPx (p = 0.001), ALT (p = 0.022) was observed from pre-season to the end of the season. LDH levels showed a significant increase in the mid-season compared to the pre-season (p = 0.042) and a significant decrease at the end of the season compared to the mid-season(p = 0.014). However, no significant changes were observed in other indices during the competition season(p ≥ 0.05). Conclusions: It is suggested that some physical and physiological fatigue markers ar increase during mid-season. Therefore, beach soccer players may be  monitored  continuously during the competition season in order to be able to provide the best training, nutrition and recovery systems for performance optimization. Coaches may use the interplay between biomarker alterations and physical performance changes to better manage workload and monitor fatigue during beach soccer training and competition.

The relationship between the government and religious minorities as well as their social status in the Safavid era is one of the most significant issues in the period. It gained a critical status especially since the beginning of the reign of Shah Abbas I and the transfer of his capital to Isfahan. Although there is a lot of material about the welfare and special status of Armenians in Isfahan in the sources of this period, writings and resources about other minorities are available only sporadically. This is especially true for Zoroastrians in terms of their long presence in Iran. Although the number of Zoroastrians gradually decreased with the arrival of Islam in Iran, their transfer to Isfahan under Shah Abbas and the use of their power and skills for flourishing the economy of the Safavid period suggests the significance of this religious minority at that time. Using a descriptive-analytical research method and based on written sources, this study seeks to answer the question of the social status of Zoroastrians in Isfahan throughout the Safavid period. Earlier studies confirm that the social status of Zoroastrians had varied in different periods of the reign of the Safavid. Although this minority had a relatively favorable status during the reign of Shah Abbas I, after his death and the decline in religious toleration in the Safavid state, the Zoroastrians were once again oppressed and the majority of them were compelled to leave Isfahan.