درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Objective: The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of group logotherapy on psychological distress and belief in a just world in M.S patients. Method: This is a quasi-Experimental study with both control and experimental group. The statistical population of this study was 583 MS patients in Ilam city in 1400. According to the quasi-Experimental research method with the control and experimental group, the number of samples was estimated to be 30 (15 in the control group and 15 in the Experimental group) who were selected by the Iranian MS Society through the introduction of the members of the association. sampling was done as a convenient method. To measure the variables, Kessler's Psychological Distress Assessment Questionnaire (K10), and the Fair World Belief Questionnaire were used by Sutton & Douglas (2005), Dalbert (1999), and Dalbert et al. (2001). The therapeutic intervention in this study was a group logotherapy package for MS patients, and treatment sessions (based on Mohammadi, E-Fard, and Heidari's dual therapy package, 2019). Spss24 software and Covariance or ANCOVA test were used to analyze the data. Results: This study showed a noteworthy contrast between the Experimental and control groups in terms of psychological distress and belief in a just world with a 95% certainty level. Subsequently, two primary theories of affirmation and zero suspicion were rejected. Conclusion: It was found that group logotherapy is compelling to mental trouble and belief in a just world in MS patients.

This article explores the role of the International Court of Justice (hereafter ICJ) in the relations between Iran and the United States (hereafter U.S.), with reference to the last disputes between the two countries over the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights. The article argues that the ICJ has both jurisdiction (Ratione Materiae) and substantive competence (Merits) to adjudicate the case, based on the trans-analytical method. The article draws on the past judgments of the ICJ in similar cases between Iran and the U.S., such as the Case Concerning US Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran, the Case Concerning the Aerial Incident, and the Case Concerning Oil Platforms, to support its findings. The article also discusses the implications of the U.S. decision to terminate the Treaty of Amity and to challenge the ICJ’s jurisdiction. The article predicts that the ICJ will establish its judgment based on Article 10 of the Treaty of Amity, which affirms the principle of free trade, and conclude that the U.S. sanctions violate the Treaty of Amity.

This article offers a thorough examination of Iran's strategic realignment towards the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the BRICS bloc within the evolving international political landscape. Utilizing a neoclassical realist framework, the research delves into the systemic pressures and intrinsic state-level factors that influence Iran's foreign policy decisions. The research method adopted encompasses both qualitative analysis and a review of primary and secondary sources to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the geopolitical recalibration. Key findings indicate that Iran's shift is driven by a combination of economic, diplomatic, and strategic imperatives. Economically, affiliations with the SCO and BRICS present Iran with enhanced trade opportunities, investment prospects, and alternative financing mechanisms in the backdrop of Western sanctions. Diplomatically, these affiliations bolster Iran's regional and global position, affording it platforms for dialogue and strategic cooperation. Strategically, the realignment has profound implications for both West Asian power dynamics and the broader global power structures, hinting at a transition towards a more multipolar world order. However, the research also uncovers multifaceted challenges that Iran confronts in this strategic pivot, ranging from managing diverse priorities within the SCO and BRICS to reconciling domestic objectives with global aspirations. In essence, the article sheds light on Iran's adaptive foreign policy strategy amidst a changing global order. By answering questions related to the motivations, benefits, and challenges of Iran's strategic realignment, this research provides valuable insights into the future trajectory of geopolitical dynamics in West Asia and beyond.