درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Popper, by proposing the theory of falsifiability as a prerequisite for the scientific nature of theories and hypotheses and by rejecting inductive method as the conventional scientific methodology up to that time, presented a new criterion for distinguishing science from pseudo-science, which sparked much agreement and disagreement. Inspired by the Socratic dialectical method, he affirmed the un-certainty and conjectural nature of theories and beliefs, and by equating reason with criticism, he considered the only method of approaching truth to be through continuous dialogue while observing the principles of liberty, tolerance, and fallibility in a free environment guaranteed by the democrat-ic state he envisioned. The democracy Popper had in mind, contrary to the prevailing interpretation, did not mean rule by the people or rule by the majority but rather stemmed from critical rationality and its foundations such as falsifiability and fallibility, which had a negative rather than a positive character. Popper, through a negative interpretation of how democracy functioned in ancient Greece, particularly during the Periclean era, first regarded the age-old question of “Who should rule?” as fundamentally mistaken and defined the correct interpretation of democracy as the ability to remove or dismiss an undesirable government without bloodshed. He redefined the punishment of exile in ancient Greece as a method of preventing tyranny and despotism stemming from popular-ity, thereby presenting evidence of the negative and deterrent aspect of democracy. In this study, the researcher, based on a descriptive-analytical method, attempts to show the close relationship be-tween the theory of critical rationality and Popper’s theory of democracy based on the main ques-tion and hypothesis.

Despite benefiting from abundant resources and energy, countries in Western Asia have creat-ed a situation for the region that, in addition to the presence of major powers, interference in regional affairs, and insecurity, the formation of an effective and successful security system in the region fails. In this regard, the Arab NATO plan can be pointed out. In this research, in the framework of Barry Buzan's theory of regional collective security, with an emphasis on the Arab NATO, the patterns of participatory security in the West Asia region were examined and analyzed. The researchers of this study believe that the participatory security model in West Asia has not been successful for several reasons. For this reason, alliances such as the Arab NATO will not be successful if formed.

This study explores the impact of emotions on financial markets. Recent research highlights the role of psychological factors in financial crises. Investors, not always rational, base asset risk decisions on emotions and beliefs. Optimism, pessimism, and self-confidence influence decision making processes over time. Irrational investors can cause market prices to deviate from fundamental values. This emotional price anomaly can be seen as a persistent sentiment risk factor significantly affecting stock returns. The research investigates the effect of emotional shocks (positive and negative) on order flow imbalances and their impact on price movements. A three-stage clustering approach is used. The sample includes 172 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2021, with daily data extracted from Rahvard Navin software. Information on independent and dependent variables is analysed using a three-step clustering method to identify different time scales. Finally, regression analysis in MATLAB software is used to examine the relationship between variables within specified time intervals. The results reveal a positive relationship between positive shocks caused by order imbalances and company returns. This relationship is reversed for negative shocks. Three-stage clustering separates companies based on co-movement, revealing distinct behaviour and relationships between variables within each cluster. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the three-step clustering method for analysing company data.