درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Employment is one of the most fundamental forms of human activity, the damages of which can cause job burnout and reduce quality of life. In recent years, dealing with this issue has been the main goal of most organizations. The present study aims to compare job burnout and quality of life among active and inactive clerks in one of Tehran universities. In the present causative comparative study, 100 clerks of the age range (mean and standard deviation 40.93 ±8.63) of the university which was chosen by access sampling. According to Sharkey's physical activity questionnaire, they were then divided into two active and inactive groups. Then, they filled out two Maslach job burnout and quality of life questionnaires. A multivariate variance analysis test was used with SPSS 20 for data analysis. The data and findings indicate that concerning job burnout and its subscales (Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization), physically inactive individuals had higher means; in contrast, people with more activity had higher means; also, physically active individuals showed higher mean scores in quality-of-life variable, in both physical health and mental health total scores and physical function, emotional wellbeing, social function, and general health subscales. Physically inactive individuals showed higher means concerning function disorder owing to physical health and function disorder owing to emotional health and pain. There was no significant difference concerning the subscale of energy/fatigue. Findings indicate that physical activity, as a strategy, improves the capacity of the clerks so they have a better quality of life and deal with job burnout. Thus, it is suggested that physical activity be used as a strategic plan to increase the clerks' efficiency.

Background: The emergence of amateur critics and vernacular reviewers as non-institutional cultural voices is one of the consequences of social media's development and widespread use.Aims: This study aims to better understand reviewers and their types by examining how they establish critical authority in comparison to institutional critics and their potential influence on cultural valuation.Methodology: This subject is explored through the rhetorical analysis of their linguistic strategies. The research draws theoretically on existing literature regarding cultural criticism and review in social media. Methodologically, it combines qualitative content analysis and rhetorical analysis, emphasizing identifying Aristotelian persuasive elements within the data, including ethos, pathos, and logos. The study sample consists of 350 Instagram posts gathered from 30 film review pages.Findings: The findings indicate that most reviewers adopt a consumer-oriented perspective, distancing themselves from institutional critics. They have also emphasized using Instagram's affordances, particularly its interactive and participatory features, to construct their cultural authority. Furthermore, they have employed rational and emotional appeals in alignment with presenting "summaries and supplementary movie information" and expressing "emotional appeal and affective experience of consumption". These strategies, along with the reviewers' focus on "addressing the audience's emotional needs", "personal growth and self-improvement", and "less dependence on institutional critics", reflect their disinterest in delving into deeper levels of critical evaluation and rhetorical directness in constructing their authority. In the final section of the article, the impact of reviewers on cultural valuation is further discussed, distinguishing three types: "film-style bloggers", "cinema influencers", and "critical reviewers".Conclusions: Based on the results, the first two types of reviewers demonstrate how Instagram’s platform-specific features primarily shape critical authority. While diverse reviewers enhance access to information, they often marginalize critical evaluation and cultural value in favor of consumerism and commercial competition. Only "Critical Reviewers" have successfully integrated critical evaluation with Instagram’s affordances through distinct rhetorical strategies, emphasizing the need to increase their numbers in the era of digital media.

Les études concentrées sur l’espace se trouvent intégrées dans les sciences de la société ainsi que dans la critique littéraire à partir des années 1960. Bien que nous puissions trouver diverses approches dans les deux domaines, la spatialité et les études spatiales se juxtaposent normalement au nom d’Henri Lefebvre. Philosophe français, il tente de proposer une nouvelle théorie spatiale, basée sur la logique dialectique hégélienne et le matérialisme dialectique marxiste, qui comprend l’espace par les éléments triples de la pratique spatiale, la représentation de l’espace et l’espace de représentation, qu’il résume par l’espace perçu, l’espace conçu et l’espace vécu. Dans cette recherche, une adaptation littéraire de la théorie lefebvrienne nous a aidé à comprendre la dynamique spatiale d’A la recherche du temps perdu. Cela se forme effectivement dans l’espace quotidien, marqué surtout par la ségrégation sociale des salons aristocratiques et bourgeois, mais, qui laisse malgré ceci, naître dans son sein, un nouvel espace symbolique, voire un espace « vécu ». L’espace de la représentation procure aux margines de la société codifiée, clandestines mais aussi réelles que cette société, un milieu de négation de ces codes, et finalement un milieu de la négation de sa morale, de ses éthiques. Bien que cet espace sous-terrain crée à nouveau ses valeurs et sa morale, celles-ci s’épuisent au cours du temps et s’installent encore une fois au sein de la codification sociale, et par là, un besoin d’avancer même au-delà de ces nouvelles valeurs devient crucial, d’où s’établit une dialectique perpétuelle de l’espace.