درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The fast development cycle of the metropolitan populace, the backwardness of public monetary development, the failure of certain frameworks and programs, and the thoughtlessness of the public associations for metropolitan administration to wasteful metropolitan areas have prompted the rise of wasteful areas and zones in Iranian urban communities. It is without a doubt exorbitant to rejuvenate back burnout surfaces, yet not as much as to fabricate another surface. All things considered, advancement is a terrific worth, however not for wiping out and disregarding the set of experiences, innovation, and idea of the city. In any case, the wasteful surface is an unopened hub in Iranian city life and yard, and ignoring it doesn't stay just in the equivalent burnout surface and mirrors its authority deformity in the whole metropolitan framework. The soul of an incorporated metropolitan recovery plan depends on the local area direction and its local investment of the individuals, and the advancement of the social and monetary strengthening level individuals living in the areas should be plainly characterized; thusly, the presence of an institutional contextualization and help plan and heightening the limits of neighborhood foundations non-administrative associations (NGOs) is crucial. The current article, by utilizing subjective examination technique and substance examination procedure, hypotheses, explanations, and global sanctions and dependent on the examinations performed through field insights, upstream reports and meeting with inhabitants have been explored that has eventually brought about clarifying the part of neighborhood improvement foundation in understanding the objectives of manageable metropolitan recovery with an incorporated methodology. Additionally, having clarified this relationship and in addressing the inquiry that "What will be the effect of social instruction on the cycle of local area situated metropolitan recovery?" the current hypotheses and encounters have been examined. The examination results show that if the way to deal with recover is local area situated, coordinated, extensive and vital, and is toward making society, limit building, standardization and instrumentation, and through schooling, illuminating, documentation, advancement, arranging and setting up the plan, it gives the fundamental setting to the acknowledgment of feasible recovery programs in the Rey Entryway neighborhood of Qom City with the greatest presence of individuals, at that point the incorporated recovery approach will be accomplished without anyone else.

Artifacts are ubiquitous and influential in our world, but their nature and existence are controversial. Several theories have been proposed to explain the ontology of artifacts. Drawing on Popper's theory of three worlds, this paper suggests a metaphysics for artifacts along the line of a critical rationalist (CR) approach. This theory distinguishes between three realms of reality: the physical world (World 1), the mental world (World 2), and the world of objective knowledge (World 3). The paper argues that artifacts have different ontological components that correspond to these three realms, and that each component is real and causal. The paper shows how this perspective can account for the intentional and functional aspects of artifacts, as well as their dependence on plans that influence different realms of reality. The paper explains how this pluralistic ontology, compared to the rival theories, enables one to explain the relevant ontological problems of artifacts. The paper also explores how this proposal can lead to a research program encompassing a broader range of technologies, such as social artifacts. In sum, the paper suggests that Popper's three worlds theory provides a rich and comprehensive framework for understanding the metaphysics of artifacts.

As one of the most important components of the financial market, the stock market plays a significant role in facilitating the transfer of financial resources to the productive sector; therefore, identifying the factors that influence this market and the response of this market to shocks that occur has always attracted the interest of policymakers and analysts. The present study focuses on the response of stock market returns of major oil-importing countries to the oil price shock, oil supply shock, and aggregate demand shock over the period 2010-2019 using the Panel Vector Autoregressive (PVAR) method. Based on the extracted impulse response functions (IRFs), the response of the stock market index to the oil price shock and the oil supply shock is negative, while the response of the stock market index to the aggregate demand shock is generally positive. The results of variance analysis show that the oil price shock, oil supply shock, and aggregate demand shock have the largest impact on the fluctuations of the stock market index, and indicate the selected oil-importing countries have taken measures to hedge their stock market against the oil price shock during the crisis period. JEL Classification: C58, E44, G10, Q43

The present study aims to study "Alienation" in “The Comfort of Strangers” a novel by Ian Mc-Ewan. It attempts to work out the negative and destructive aftermath of alienation in the protagonists of the novel. The research on the mentioned term is fulfilled as per the theories of Melvin Seaman. Ian Russell Mc-Ewan is one of the many examples, who depicted the mentioned element masterfully in his works, specifically in this novel. He goes beyond man’s expectations to show his readers the smashing consequences of human estrangement from the self and society in intelligence and function. Alienation is a venerable concept, with its roots going back to Roman law, where it was a legal term used to denote the act of transferring property. After World War II, when societal complexity started its increasingly accelerated rate of change, and the first signals of post-modernity were perceived by the intellectual elite, alienation slowly became part of the intellectual scene. Melvin Seaman (1918), a theorist which made a momentous modern and post-modern points of the view regarding "Alienation" after Marx and Hegel, was one of the first in the 1960s to develop an alienation scale to measure degrees and varieties of alienation