درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose: The present study aimed to describe the elements of the preschool curriculum with a problem-solving approach from the perspective of curriculum planning specialists and educational psychologists.  Methodology: This study was a qualitative study conducted in Tehran. The population consisted of curriculum specialists (n=200) and educational psychologists (n=238) who were selected using the purposive snowball sampling method, and 24 subjects were studied until reaching theoretical saturation. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. To analyze and interpret the data, the method of thematic analysis through coding was used. Findings: The findings indicated that from the perspective of curriculum planning specialists and educational psychologists, a problem-solving curriculum for preschoolers includes goals (cognitive, attitudinal, functional), content (organization, presentation methods), teaching methods (traditional methods, attention to learner's age, instructor's characteristics, and active methods), learning activities (individual, group), instructional materials (features and types of resources), space (physical characteristics of facilities), time (duration, attention to the child's preparedness and age), grouping (attention to responsibility, respect for others, attention to ethics considerations, attention to group homogeneity, nature of the problem, group heterogeneity, number of group members, gender, age, personal differences), and evaluation (of the program based on personal, procedural, quantitative, and descriptive differences).  Conclusion: Given the importance of the Comments, it can be continuously applied to and formulated for the preschool level to raise problem-solving skills in children and foster their abilities to understand and reflect on life in the future society.

The war and the remaining works have territorial, psychological and social dimensions. It can be said that war is a scene of the epic, resistance and brave men of soldiers who have always enjoyed their homeland and their ideological attitude for the next generations and for a patriotic pattern and patronage of the motherland. War tourism is a form of tourism that experts in this area have placed it as a special tourism and some adventurous. In Iran, war tourism has a lot to do with what tourism planners define, because the main battlefield of the enemies of this border after the Iraqi imposed war against Iran has entered into an aggressive range of its cultural and psychological reach, Supreme Leader is referred to as "cultural invasion" and sometimes "soft warfare". Therefore, in a practical, analytical and descriptive study, the researcher studied the role of war tourism in identifying the spirit of resistance, sacrifice and martyrdom in order to confront the soft warfare of the enemy has been addressed. In this research, the statistical population of the Ilam Visitor Survey is randomly selected individuals. The sample size was 100 according to Cochran's formula. The SWOT analysis was carried out and its strategies determined, and ultimately, with the help of the IFE and EFE matrices, it became clear that in the development of war tourism to deal with the soft war of the enemy, internal factors had weaknesses and the strengths of the external factors. Also, the strategy used in this research is an adaptive strategy that prioritizes these strategies using the QSPM method.

SUBJECT AND OBJECTIVES : The present study has been conducted with the aim of getting to know the most important application of self-knowledge from the perspective of Allameh Tabatabai and Henri Bergson with a comparative view. METHOD AND FINDING : The results of this research, which was carried out with a descriptive-analytical, comparative and inferential method, show that Allameh Tabatabai and Henri Bergson, prominent philosophers of the East and the West, by providing a solution to one of the most important challenges of modern man, propose a new and deep look for man to return to himself. In the first step, this research has addressed two areas of thinking in the knowledge of the self and, in the most general look at the components of the incorporeality of the self, the relationship between the soul and the body, the change in the self and the soul as the main agent of perception in the opinions and thoughts of Allameh Tabatabai and Bergson with a comparative view. The data collection tool was MAXQDA software, which was used to increase the accuracy of data coding and categorization. CONCLUSION : According to the obtained results, Allameh Tabatabai considered the knowledge of God to be the most important result and the final goal of self-knowledge, and Bergson, looking intuitively at the soul and from another angle, introduced creative evolution as the best result of this knowledge.