درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose: The school is one of the most important social and academic institutions and the most important element of education, which is established and administered in accordance with the goals approved by the academic curriculum and the standards and guidelines of the Ministry of Education. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the degree of academic procrastination and the students’ academic Engagement. Methodology: The research was descriptive in terms of purpose, and applied in terms of methodology. The statistical population consisted of all female students of the sixth grade of rural and urban elementary schools of Bojnourd City; 1164 sixth-grade girls in urban schools and 669 girls in rural elementary schools, according to a report prepared by the Ministry of Education of Bojnourd in the academic year 2017-2018. The stratified sampling method was used to determine the sample size. A sample of 320 urban students and 268 rural students were selected based on Cochran formula at the error level 5%. The instruments for data collection were Solomon & Roth Blum Academic Procrastination Questionnaire (1984), and Academic Engagement Questionnaire of Frederic et al. (2004), which had formal and content validity, and reliability was obtained 0.84 and 0.87, respectively, according to Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data were analyzed by SPSS-21 software using t-test at the significance level of 0.05. Findings: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the academic procrastination scores of rural and urban students (p <0.05). The mean of urban students' procrastination was greater than that of rural students. There was also a difference between academic Engagement of rural and urban students (p <0.05). Conclusion: About 47 percent of rural students and about 53 percent of urban students had academic procrastination. Also, about 57% of rural students and about 63% of urban students had a high degree of academic Engagement.

In most target countries unilateral sanctions act as obstacles that deprive nationals of human rights, particularly economic rights. This descriptive-analytical study to assess the legitimacy of US sanctions from a human rights perspective, especially in relation to ICESCR, seeks to answer the following question: On what basis can the US government be committed to respecting the human rights of Iranians in imposing unilateral sanctions? It is necessary to prove the existence of such an obligation since a State is considered internationally responsible if it violates a proven obligation. As it assumes that all states have the commitment to cooperate for the fulfillment of human rights for all human beings, the findings of this study according to CESCR comments, show that obligations that are related to economic human rights including the obligation to respect and cooperate can be considered extraterritorial, as well. Regarding Iranians residing in America, the US government must respect and uphold these economic human rights in its territory and regarding the Iranians who are within a third country, a blend of (Extra)territorial obligations are raised for America and the countries in which Iranians reside.