درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

With the increasing development of the shipbuilding industry in the global arena, the need for the presence of foreign companies in this field and especially investment in it was felt more than ever. The benefits of the presence of foreigners and the existence of sanctions against Iran gave special importance to how the contract was concluded. However, considering that the contract is considered an indefinite contract and its limits and limits are agreed upon between the parties according to the freedom of will (Article 10 of the Civil Code of Iran). In this research, we considered the conditions of the representative and the duties of its parties against the third party to be important and examined. The authors have tried to process the subject by using a descriptive-analytical research method and library data collection method. What was obtained from this research is the need to pay attention to the representative's behavior and the limits of authority granted to the representative by the principle. Considering all the aspects mentioned in this research, a relatively reliable contract can be concluded.

The naval conflict has undergone many changes due to environmental factors and various tools, as well as the increasing growth and development of marine technologies, aligned with the inclusion of new tools and methods in naval conflict and electronic warfare at sea. The procedure taken by countries indicates the acceptance of electronic warfare as one of the methods and tools of agreed warfare. However, from the perspective of international humanitarian law, the use of electronic warfare tools and methods is challenging, and international treaty law lacks a legal rule regarding this method of warfare. Indeed, the only guideline that has sought to regulate electronic warfare is the Air and Missile Warfare Directive, which imposes no legal requirements on governments. So the question we are going to answer in this brief is that, can humanitarian law be applied to electronic warfare? The purpose of this study is to explain and investigate the various dimensions of naval electronic warfare from the perspective of international humanitarian law, and proving that international humanitarian law can be applied to the methods and tools of electronic warfare at sea. The research method selected for the present paper is an analytical-explanatory method and the data collection method used is the library research method.

The formation and activity of naval alliances formed in the waters of southern Iran may lead to a critical situation in the region and an increase in military tension between the naval units of the Iranian army and the military units of the coalition forces. In response to this question, the current research, what roles can the Navy of the Islamic Republic of Iran play in confronting naval coalitions? This research is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in nature. For this purpose, qualitative data was collected by using a questionnaire and through semi-structured interviews with 12 experts and specialists of the Navy, and then by using the method of foundational data theory, the data were coded through three stages of open coding. Axial and selective coding was analyzed and the result was 8 general categories, which in the form of a paradigm model include causal conditions (building power at sea and confidence building at sea), axial category (maritime geopolitical position of Iran), conditions Background (naval knowledge and naval ability), intervening conditions (diplomacy capacities), strategy (development of oceanic navy) and consequence (strengthening of Iran's naval power) were introduced.

After dividing the sea as areas under the sovereignty and sovereign rights of the coastal states and High seas in  the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea, and as a result of the possibility of detaining some foreign vessels violating the rules governing these areas, this convention also has rules regarding the prompt release of these vessels and how Its implementation has been stated in the judicial proceedings of the Coastal Government. In this regard, cases have been introduced in the International Tribunal of Law of the Sea, whose analysis can be considered as a judicial procedure and a secondary source of the law of the sea in development. In this article, in addition to the analysis and review of the judicial procedure and the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea, Iran's internal rules have also been reviewed in this regard. This research seeks to answer the question, in addition to clarifying the various aspects of immediate release, what are the criteria for prompt release, and what are appropriate and reasonable bonds? The research method is descriptive and analytical, and materials have been prepared based on library and documentary studies.

The increase in sea traffic with commercial ships, warships, and submarines, followed by the spread of pollution of the seas in the last century, has not only led to the threat and destruction of vital resources and marine habitats but also a source of tension and conflict between units and actors. It has provided political and can be a threat to the world community. Despite Legal requirements, pollution in the seas is increasing. The sovereignty-oriented nature of marine pollution legal requirements is one of the most important reasons for governments' reluctance to implement regulations related to marine pollution because the development of rules in this field, as well as the implementation of regulations related to marine pollution, are still within the scope of governments' satisfaction. Considering the importance of protecting the marine environment, this research deals with the scope of the coastal government's competence to deal with marine pollution using a descriptive-analytical method and with the help of library data and international documents. The findings of the research show that although the instrumental use of the concept of national sovereignty has created the basis for the pollution of the seas, Recent developments in the field of international law of the sea, such as the drafting of Article 3 of the Convention on Interference in the High Seas and paragraph one of Article 218 of the Convention on the Law of the Sea, indicate the extraterritorial expansion of the jurisdiction of coastal states to deal with marine pollution, although in a limited way.

Integrating application systems based in organizations creates coordination and interaction between people and organizational units and hardware, software, and database infrastructures. This optimal solution integration results in achieving process maturity and creating suitable conditions for making strategic decisions at management levels to improve organizational performance. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a native executive method for integrating organizational application systems at the management level following the characteristics of Iranian government organizations and their execution in a marine organization platform as a case study. V method was used as a methodology in the execution algorithm for integrating organizational application systems. The effectiveness of the proposed method was proved through a case study and its execution in the real world in the framework of a government organization. The executive method explained for the integration of application systems in the field of defense management was implemented as a case study. This method became native to the marine industry and is suitable for use at the management levels of marine organizations. The advantages and achievements of using this executive method in a case study are 1) Improving the flow of data and information, 2) Increasing the ability to interpret data and information, 3) Reducing the costs of implementing, using, developing, and maintaining databases and organizational application systems, 4) Increasing flexibility and productivity of business processes, and 5) Integration and automation of processes is desirable.

Purpose: Educational environments are a place for the development of science, advancement of educational goals and cultural transfer. As a result, the aim of this study was presenting the pattern of school administrators’ interaction with educated new teachers of Farhangian University based on the anthropological of Islamic education. Methodology: This research in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was qualitative. The statistical population of this research was managers and professors familiar with the field of research in Farhangian Universities of Razavi Khorasan province in 2021 year. In this study, the samples according to the principle of theoretical saturation were included 8 people who were selected based on the inclusion criteria and with using the purposive sampling method. Data collection tools were included demographic information form and semi-structured interview with managers and professors, which whose validity was confirmed by triangulation method and its reliability was calculated by agreement coefficient method between two coders 0.86. Also, to analyze the data were used from thematic analysis method. Findings: The findings of the present research showed that for the pattern of school administrators’ interaction with educated new teachers of Farhangian University based on the anthropological of Islamic education were identified 42 sub themes in 11 main themes. The identified main themes in this research were included the principal's respect to new teachers, principle of human respect, principle of dialogue, principle of tolerance and leniency, principle of altruism, principle of piety, principle of moderate rationality, principle of accepting intellectual and religious differences, management skills, interpersonal skills and communication skills. Finally, the pattern of the main themes of the school administrators’ interaction with educated new teachers of Farhangian University based on the anthropological of Islamic education was designed. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, in order to improve the school administrators’ interaction with educated new teachers of Farhangian University based on the anthropological of Islamic education can provide the ground for the realization of the identified sub and main themes for it.

Purpose: Considering the growing trend of education and training of entrepreneurs in the world and in our country, nurturing entrepreneurs and entering into business and creating their employment is one of the basic concerns and curiosities of the administrators in universities. Methodology: Therefore, the general purpose of the research, is the design of the model of education and training of entrepreneurs in Azad Islamic universities of Mazandaran province. The nature of the current research is exploratory and qualitative data is used in it. The statistical population of the research is experts and educational managers of Islamic Azad Universities. This group was selected to conduct the qualitative part of the research and participated in the interview process. In this field, the researcher used the snowball method to reach theoretical saturation, which reached theoretical saturation after in-depth interviews with 10 elites and experts. The data was collected using in-depth and semi-structured interviews and data analysis was done with the qualitative method of Foundation Data Theory. Findings: Based on the results, it was found that the factors affecting the education and training of entrepreneurs have three dimensions (contextual factors, causal factors and environmental factors) and consist of fifteen components. And it was shown that the consequences of education and training of entrepreneurs have 4 dimensions of improving entrepreneurial attitude, increasing well-being, continuous continuity and developing entrepreneurship with 14 components. And the strategies also have 2 dimensions, educational strategies and educational strategies. Its indicators are presented separately. Conclusion: The model of education and training of entrepreneurs to managers of Islamic Azad Universities can be used as a practical and comprehensive package in which many important details related to general concepts are seen, for all managers of Islamic Azad Universities and executive bodies in general. it is suggested.