درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence, attachment styles and optimism with mental health and marital satisfaction of couples who refer to Andimeshk counselling centers in the period of 3 months. Material & Method: 15o volunteer couples who were selected by applying multi cluster sampling method. Measurement tools include Emotional intelligence scale (Wang and Lu, 2002) Adult attachment scale (Collins and Reid, 1990) Optimism inventory of couples (Rajabi, 2002) Goldberg’s general health questionnaire (1989) and marital satisfaction scale (sanaee, 2001) were applied to measure variables. Findings: The data analysis was performed by Pearson correlation coefficient and step by step regression. Results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between emotional intelligence, Adult attachment scale, Optimism, general and marital satisfaction. results of regression analysis show that emotional intelligence, Adult attachment scale, Optimism, general health can predict marital satisfaction significantly Discussion: finding reveals for finding marital satisfaction couples should be able to emotionally

Purpose: In participatory approach to second language teaching and learning, students actively engage in their own learning process and collaborate with others (Cobb, 1994; Greeno, 1998) to achieve their goals. Also, collaborative learning has been shown to encourage the growth of student interdependence (Bruffee, 1999), responsibility (Totten, Sills, Digby, & Russ, 1991), interpersonal skills (Rymes, 1997), and cognitive and critical thinking skills (Johnson & Johnson, 1986). Methodology: Adopting a sociocultural perspective, the present study has attempted to explore the attitude of teachers and learners toward the effectiveness of the method. In so doing, 60 Iranian EFL learners from two intact classes participated in the study, in which the learners from the two classes were randomly assigned to one control group and one experimental group. For fourteen sessions, the researcher in the control group class followed her regular teaching practice through the conventional book-based method of conducting an English class. In the experimental group class, however, the researcher adopted the participatory approach tasks and activities, in which she applied various participatory approach-based techniques, activities, role play, and problem solving activities, group work and collaborative tasks in the classroom instruction. Findings: Results of the comparison of the effects of the experimental participatory group and the control conventional group revealed that although the students in both groups improved their scores on the IELTS posttest, there was no statistically significant difference between the experimental group’s overall performance and that of the control group. Conclusion: Results of the interview with the students and teachers also revealed that both the students and the teachers had positive attitudes towards implementing the participatory approach and they were willing to use at least some of the tasks and activities in their future courses.

Today, the overcrowding of prison populations has caused serious problems in all societies so that in many ways undermined the correctional and educational achievements. In many countries of the world, the overcrowding population of prisoners has brought nothing except huge costs, an impediment to the public order of the prison, conflict, riot, strike, etc. It has made the authorities to take steps to reduce the prison population. The prison sentence for any form of criminal behavior that is determined arbitrarily neither based on scientific logic nor on the basis of the personality characteristics of individuals and entities of society, on the one hand, causes the increase of the prison population and represents an ugly face of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the world and, on the other hand, causes the family of prisoners to be wandered and overwhelmed by the effects and consequences of this punishment. It is impossible to deny the prison functions because it has punitive and corrective functions so that multiple objectives can be achieved by its implementation. Therefore, it cannot be ignored totally. Imprisonment is still considered as a solution, and if it turns to be a problem in some cases, it is due to other factors and conditions that need to be addressed and improved. If imprisonment is used logically, then it will be effective and will certainly not be problematic. In particular, it should be emphasized that non-criminal solutions and imprisonment alternatives will be effective when it is used in place. Accordingly, the penal policy in post-revolutionary penal law has contributed to the increased prison population by imposing ineffective and prison-based laws in the general section, and also by increasing the criminalization and determination imprisonment as the dominant type of punishment in the section of general laws defining punishment with increasing crime However, following the problems and corruptions as well as the need for resolving this challenge, the legislature took steps to change its legislative penal policy through the Islamic Penal Code of 2013 in accordance with the inspirations and solutions of international organizations. It resulted in the reduction of imprisonment and consideration of prison as the last punishment.

Purpose: The present study investigated the psychometric properties of a Persian version self- reassurance/ self-criticism Inventory in the male and female teachers. Materials & Methods: This study was of a validation type. The participants were 444 teachers selected through a multistage-cluster random sampling among the teachers in high school second period in the city of Bojnord of the 2015-16 years. The three scales administrated in this study were: self- reassurance/ self-criticism Inventory, self-efficacy Scale and happiness Inventory. A Cronbach’s and test-retest reliability was calculated to examine the reliability of the self- reassurance/ self-criticism Inventory and to check the validity of the method convergent validity, divergent validity and confirmatory factor analysis was used. Findings: The calculated α for the inventory was for self-criticism 0.69 and for and self- reassurance 0.77. Neutralizing dimensions respectively self-criticism and for and self- reassurance examined through correlating it to the self-efficacy scale and happiness Inventory given signification. Using factor exploratory analysis confirmed the two-factor structure. Discussion: The Persian version of the self- reassurance/ self-criticism Inventory seems satisfactory for measuring self- reassurance/ self-criticism symptoms in teacher's samples. Future research is, however, needed to confirm these data in a sample of OCD teacher's.

Purpose: The aim of the current research was to Predict Collective leadership of governor’s employers through organizational trust & professional ethic. Method: The method of this study was a descriptive and correlational study. Statistical society included all employees of Sistan and Baluchistan Governor who were 140 people. All the society members were considered as the sample of the study. But 11 employees were not volunteer for the study and nearly 9 questionnaires were not completed perfectly so they were omitted and was considered as the missing data. Other remaining persons who were 120 people were considered as the study samples. The same process was employed for all participants. Collective leadership, organizational trust & professional ethic questionnaire was employed for the assessment of the variables. Organizational Trust was assessed using the scales created by Vanhala et al. Findings: Collective leadership was significantly and positively correlated with, organizational trust and professional. Also there was a significant positive correlation coefficient between organizational trust and professional ethic The results showed that employee’s Collective leadership was predicted by organizational trust (β=.112, p < .05) and & professional ethic. Discussion: Increasing employees trust and ethic capacity through creating collective leadership atmosphere in the organizations and applying new management techniques to improving employee’s skills in their special field can strengthening organizations position and let employee help each other in a collective way to acquire organizational goal.

Purpose: The current study was conducted to discover the possible relationship between self-esteem and the productive skills of EFL learners in Iran across genders. Methodology: The design of the study was ex post facto or correlational design. Three instruments were used for data collection in the present study. A language proficiency test (Oxford Placement Test (OPT)) to measure the participants’ proficiency level, Cooper smith Self-Esteem Inventory and finally two tests of speaking and writing adopted from Preliminary English Test (PET). To begin the study, with the purpose of clearing the language proficiency level of the learners, the researchers gave all learners a language proficiency test in Payame Noor University in Tabriz. After the test, 52 candidates whose test scores were between one SD below and above the mean finally were selected as the homogeneous sample for further data collection. Then some parts of the data were collected by Copper smith's self-esteem questionnaire to find out the participants’ self-esteem. Finally the last part of the data which was the participants’ productive skills was gathered by two tests of speaking and writing adopted from PET. To test all the research hypotheses in the current study, the researchers run Pearson correlation analysis as the chief statistical analysis. Findings: The results indicated that, there was significant relationship between the self-esteem and productive skills of the learners in both genders. Conclusion: feelings of competence, confidence and good directedness influence learners’ performance. It means that, self-esteem could have a significant impact on the learners’ learning processes.

Purpose: The present article studies the issue of nationality in Iran’s law and then analyze the conflict of nationality and seeks for international solutions. Methodology: The present research is applied in terms of purpose and content analysis method. In the organization of research, the documentary and library methods have been used and the information analysis has been obtained qualitatively and based on the inference of the researcher on the sources and texts. Findings: A positive conflict of nationality laws occurs when a person has two nationalities at the same time, and a negative conflict of nationality happens when no state treats a person as its own national. As a solution to the positive conflict of laws, the Iranian government states that a person who acquires a new nationality without the permission of the government is recognized as Iranian national, and he will be recognized as a foreigner if the request for foreign nationality is accepted. However, they have retained the right to withdraw the nationality of their own state if they have acquired a foreign nationality without the permission of the government. Conclusion: In the context of the negative conflict of nationality, the Iranian governments, under the title of repayment, granted the right to their former national to return to their primary nationality. Regarding the positive conflict of nationality, Iran and the majority of international tribunals consider that the person is a national of the state whose nationality is dominant and effective.

Purpose: The present study aimed to discuss the effectiveness of mindfulness training method on male students’ self-efficacy and intelligence beliefs. Methodology: The present study method of data collection was descriptive and correlational method. The statestical population consists of all male students in secondary schools of Qouchan city in academic year of 96-97. The studied sample includes 30 members , who were selected from the intended population employing multicluster sampling method and were randomly substituted in a experimental group (15 members) and control group (15 members). Findings: The results indicated that mindfulness training influenced male students’ self-efficacy and intelligence beliefs. Descriptive results indicated that the average scores of pretest and posttest for variables of self-efficacy and intelligence beliefs was not different. Also the results of effect tests among subjects which were conducted by covariance method, indicated that scores of intelligence beliefs and self-efficacy in test group was higher than control group. Discussion: It deserves that teachers and educators provide more and better opportunities for learning, by preparing appropriate conditions for self-efficacy growth and extrinsic intelligence beliefs increase, by mindfulness training method.

Purpose: Introduction: One of the most recent problems of the technology era is the use of extreme or addiction to the Internet, which has caused mental and social disorders, especially in young people. The present study aimed to investigate the degree of dependence, recognition of the relationship and the prediction of the mental health of Internet user students based on Dependence on the Internet Method: This research was a descriptive and correlational study. The population included students aged 14 to 18 years old in Baku and Tehran in 2015. The samples were selected by cluster sampling method. 250 students using the internet were selected from Baku and 250 students using the internet were selected from Tehran. To collect data, the Young’s Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and Goldberg’s General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) were used and data analysis was performed at two descriptive (mean, percentage, standard deviation) and inferential levels ((Regression and Pearson). Findings: According to the level of Internet dependency, 43.4% were mild and 24.8% moderate and 23.4% were severe addicts and internet addicts. The level of internet dependency is a positive and significant predictor of general health (R2 = 0.38). Physical health (R2 = 0.32) is anxiety (R2= 0.43) and depression (R2 = 0.39), but between internet dependency and social function is not significant. Conclusion: The level of internet dependency predict mental health components (physical health, anxiety and depression) but is poor in explaining social functioning. There is a positive and significant relationship between the level of Internet dependency and physical health, anxiety and depression of Internet user students.

Purpose: The present study aims to identify factors affecting the design of green technical and vocational curriculum and provide a curriculum design pattern for green technical and vocational education of secondary school in Iran and its validation. Green technical and vocational training relies on issues such as environmental pollution reduction and creation of workforce for clean industries, such as the recycling industry. This type of training is based on the new labor market (green economy) that has been created to address the environmental problems of human industrial life in the present age. Method: In order to achieve the research objective, qualitative research method with an approach to grounded theory has been used. Twenty-five individuals have been selected from among all faculty members and experts in the fields of curriculum and environment through targeted sampling. Analysis of data gathered through open interviews has been done using coding. Findings: In the final analysis, the extracted concepts have been classified into 86 sub-categories and 17 themes or categories. Conclusion: According to the research results, the components that directly affect the implementation of green technical and vocational education curriculum of secondary school are identified and a favorable pattern is presented. Based on this, “design of green technical and vocational curriculum,” as the axial category, is realized based on the context of causal factors of “macro environmental policies,” “relationship with the green labor market linked to the green economy through modular principles” and internship standards through the principles of “teacher participation in the design of green curriculum” and “continuous engagement with scientific and research centers” taking into account “learners’ characteristics” and “professional qualifications required for green employment (as the background of the model).” Therefore, it will lead to the realization of “educational and economic consequences”.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of present study was the effect of the training of self – determination skills on depression of primary school students. Methodology: In this study the training of self – determination skills and depression were considered as the in dependent and dependent variables, respectively. The present study was a field test method with pretest – posttest and follow-up with control group. The tool of this study was children’s depression inventory (CD1). The sample consisted of 30 sixth grade primary school girl student with depression (15 in experimental group and 15 in control group) who were enrolled in the 1394 – 95 academic year, who were choose using purposive sampling method and divided into two groups. Experimental and control both groups were taker pretest before the training of self – determination skills, the experimental group were provided self – determination skills and not provided to control group. Immediately after the end of the training course, both groups were taken pretests of depression inventory. Both groups were taken follow-up test about two months after the training course. Findings: The results of covariance analysis suggested that the training of self – determination skills meaningfully reduces the student’s oppression. 13at in the control group who did not receive training there was not any changes in the student’s depression. Conclusion: The result of covariance analysis shows that the training of self – determination skills during the time effects the student’s depression.