درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Introduction: In contemporary societies, educational systems play a key role in shaping culture and transferring knowledge to future generations. The content of school textbooks not only influences students' scientific understanding but also plays a central role in shaping their identity, beliefs, and values. Given this importance, what happens if this content includes the immoral phenomenon of sexism? Therefore, the main objective of this study is to analyze the content of lower secondary school science textbooks based on the immoral category of sexism. Material and Methods: This research falls within the scope of qualitative studies and is categorized as fundamental research. The statistical population of this study consists of the science textbooks used in the lower secondary education level, which includes three volumes. The units of content analysis include images, texts, questions, and end-of-chapter tests. The study was conducted using the content analysis method. Results: Gender representation in lower secondary science textbooks significantly reinforces traditional gender stereotypes. Quantitative analysis revealed that scientific, technical, and managerial roles are predominantly assigned to men, while women are confined to domestic, supportive, and educational roles. Qualitative analysis also indicated that names and images are represented in a way that highlights men’s positions in leadership and scientific roles, while women are portrayed with limited and passive presence. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that lower secondary school textbooks contain the immoral phenomenon of sexism. These patterns indicate the necessity of revising textbook content in order to achieve gender equality

Background: Afghans are the main group of migrants in Iran, and in recent years, their presence has been met with negative reactions from the Iranian public. For example, recently on Twitter, hashtags such as #Expel_Afghans_a_National_Demand (in Persian: # اخراج_افغانی_مطالبه_ملی ) have been widely used by Iranian users. Aims: This study aims to examine Iranian users' perspectives on Afghans by analyzing tweets written with this hashtag about Afghans living in Iran. Methodology: Using thematic analysis, it investigates the negative views expressed by Iranian users. This analysis is based on Bennett’s six-stage model of intercultural sensitivity. The extracted themes from these tweets include five main categories: dissatisfaction with the lifestyle and behaviors of Afghans living in Iran, financial-related dissatisfaction, nationalism-related dissatisfaction, xenophobia-related dissatisfaction, and dissatisfaction due to internal factors. Finding: The dissatisfaction of Iranians toward Afghans aligns with the Defense stage of Bennett’s model, as this stage is characterized by individuals distinguishing between themselves and others, perceiving their own culture as superior, and viewing other cultures as inferior. Conclusion: Based on the themes present in the tweets, it seems that some targeted actions can help reduce xenophobia and counter dominant narratives.

The late Pleistocene period witnessed significant shifts in human lifestyle and behaviour across various regions in the Old World, as indicated by prehistoric archaeological evidence. These shifts reflect a transition from hunting to a greater emphasis on activities related to gathering plants. Archaeological findings demonstrate the utilization of plants in diverse forms, including the emergence of Bedrock Ground Stone (BGS) at prehistoric sites. In the realm of archaeological research, these remains are deemed crucial man-made artefacts, shedding light on essential aspects such as nutrition, culture, vegetation, food processing, and the presence of medicinal and toxic substances within ancient human societies. Given the existing research gap and the paramount significance of these artefacts in archaeological and anthropological studies, the Diyarmehr Institute for Paleolithic Research, for the first time in Iran, has committed to undertaking comprehensive and scientific investigations of the BGS in the Nawadrwn valley in the  Kermanshah region. Owing to its geographical positioning and environmental abundance, the west-central Zagros range has historically attracted and served as a conducive habitat for diverse human groups across various epochs. This study represents a multi-disciplinary research endeavour focused on 24 bedrock groundstones (BGS) discovered in the Prehistoric Bawa Yawan rockshelters within Nawdarwan valley. Detailed morphological and geochemical analyses have unveiled their multifaceted utility, encompassing purposes such as herbal processing and extraction, and their use in three instances as stone lamps.

The financial markets are encountering uncertain conditions that are heightening their tail risk. This study analyzed eight stock market indices employing a neural network quantile regression methodology from 24 July 2017 to 22 August 2023. The findings demonstrated that the proposed model effectively estimated the tail risk by VaR and CoVaR of the sample indices of the Iranian stock market while considering oil and gold price fluctuations as risk factors. The results showed that the global crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic, which began in China in 2020, had significant impacts on global indices. However, the shock was relatively worse in the Iranian stock market, particularly in some industries such as Metals, Metal ores, and Chemicals, and the Overall indices had greater vulnerability than the rest of the indices. During the global crisis in 2022, which was triggered by the war in Ukraine, the Iranian capital market experienced a significant shock.

In the contemporary world, education is recognized as a fundamental tool for fostering active, responsible, and capable citizens who require processes that strengthen participation, mutual understanding, and rational dialogue. The present study aims to examine the application of Rousseau’s participatory democracy and Habermas’ communicative action in the teaching of spatial sciences, with a particular focus on geography. The research adopts an action research design with an applied orientation. The study population consisted of 24 undergraduate geography students enrolled in the course Urban Geography of Iran. Data were collected and analyzed across 14 instructional sessions through observation, evaluation, and the interpretation of lived experiences within an interpretive framework. The research process followed a cyclical pattern, including problem identification, theoretical review, formation of focus groups, and dialogue-oriented consensus building. Findings indicate that democratic, participatory, and communicative approaches to spatial education emerge gradually and require a process-oriented foundation. Accordingly, the integration of Rousseau’s participatory democracy with Habermas’ communicative action demands active facilitation by instructors and the reinforcement of intra- and inter-group interactions. The results further reveal that combining these two approaches in geography education—particularly in spatially oriented courses—creates a pathway for transitioning from teacher-centered learning to participatory–discursive learning. This shift enhances skills of spatial analysis, critique, collaboration, and debate, thereby deepening learning and understanding of spatial concepts. Ultimately, the study proposes a practical framework for democratic, interactive, and active education, serving as an illustrative example of implementing these philosophical approaches in higher education.

This study explores the concept of brain rot and its correlation with Avicenna’s four stages of intellect, offering a philosophical and normative perspective on cognitive decline in the digital age. By mapping the stages of brain rot—excessive exposure to digital content, mediating factors, cognitive dysfunction, and chronic cognitive decline—onto Avicenna’s hierarchy, this study reveals how digital overstimulation hinders intellectual progression. The research highlights the stagnation of cognitive faculties, from the passive, unactualized state of ʿAql Hayūlānī (potential intellect) to the irreversible decline seen in ʿAql Mustafād (acquired intellect). Mediating factors such as digital addiction, information overload, and mental fatigue exacerbate this stagnation, preventing the activation of higher cognitive functions and reflective reasoning. The study also integrates recent literature on brain rot and digital dementia to provide empirical support for the mapping process, demonstrating how excessive digital exposure disrupts intellectual growth and rational autonomy. These findings suggest the need for philosophical reflection on cognitive decline and underscore the importance of addressing the challenges posed by digital media in fostering intellectual engagement and development.

Good governance and efficiency have long been important and central topics in philosophical and political discussions around the world. This study examined philosophical theories related to good and efficient governance, as well as their importance in government structure and performance. Among Western philosophers Plato in his book considers good governance as a government based on justice and the common good, while Aristotle considers it based on good people and citizens. On the other hand, Islamic philosophers such as Khwaja Nasir al-Din Tusi consider justice to be the basis of government, and Al-Farabi likens good government to the utopian city. This study shows that philosophical concepts in good governance should go beyond abstract theories and be effectively implemented at executive levels. In particular, the emphasis on justice and fairness, freedom and authority, equality and equity in good governance are considered as fundamental pillars in resource management and fair distribution in order to achieve social welfare and democracy. Ultimately, good and efficient governance not only contributes to justice but also to strengthening the relationship between the government and citizens a well as promoting social capabilities to achieve a dynamic and stable government.

Form meaning typical form in philosophy is proved under the title of " total reality of an object" through a logical method. Modern sciences since 17th A.D. century have been formulated by the ideas of elites like Newton, Galileo, and Descartes via factors like alteration in academic tradition methodology, consolidation of mechanical look at nature and establishment of originality of evolution. Nowadays these sciences diminish the position of form and changethat high position of to a quantifiable accident or storable information or a cause of unification among organs of a living creature. Islamic philosophers though disagree each other regarding explanation of its truth and its combination with matter and how the essence of flesh is formed, in fact, they do not raise doubt in its truth. Some by denying matter regard flesh identical withform and some by accepting matter regard their combination concrete and MullaSadra regards its combination with form unifying and by introduction of substance theory brings a tremendous revolution in the explanation of its position and how it evolves.

Contemporary critical reflections of violence immensely focus on an `ever war-like condition’ that makes the state of exception a permanent possibility. Most popular perspectives of western political philosophy seem to look at a bigger picture; a bird’s eye-view of the world – looking at violence as violence of war and genocides. Every reflection is directed toward war, violence, here and there, and its effects on various human societies. Having a bigger picture is imminent. Besides this big picture we cannot overlook several micro-pictures. The bigger picture will lose its moral and political justification, this paper commits to argue, unless the claim of a permanent emergency locates itself in the manifold normalizations of everyday life that not just distort political objectivity, corrupt human nature, and create intolerant internal civic culture[s]. These instill in the civil society a dangerous indifference to the pain of the socially/politically vulnerable that greatly threatens the latter’s political sense. The single line of argument here is only when the pathologies of everyday lives is grasped only then we can comprehend more deeply the reality of war and/or violence as a permanent condition.

Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels has long been read as a satire targeting the 18th-century British politics, scientific rationalism, and imperial ambition. But beneath its satirical surface, the novel grapples with deeper philosophical questions—about how desire is shaped, how subjectivity is produced, and how individuals are caught within the systems that define them. Although scholars have extensively explored the text from political and ethical perspectives, its engagement with the dynamics of desire has not been examined through the theories of Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari, and Slavoj Žižek. This study brings those frameworks into conversation with Swift’s narrative, drawing on the concepts of desiring-machines, social-machines, the Body without Organs, and the desire of the Other. Through a close reading of Gulliver’s four voyages, the paper traces the dynamics of desire and Gulliver’s gradual alienation from the social structures, culminating in an ontological rupture—a rejection of the codes that once shaped his identity. Rather than upholding Enlightenment ideals, Swift offers a portrait of a subject unravelling under their weight. In this light, Gulliver’s Travels emerges not only as a political satire, but as a profound meditation on desire, control, and ontological rupture.