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Locomotive Syndrome (LS) is a prevalent condition among older adults. It significantly impacts the quality of life and increases the risk of falls, fractures, and functional decline. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of two exercise programs, Vivifrail and Locotra, on improving walking speed in elderly individuals with LS. Thirty elderly women aged 65 and older from the Ranginkamanesepid Day Care Center in Isfahan, Iran, participated in this randomized controlled trial, divided into two groups for an eight-week intervention, conducted three times a week. The primary outcome was the 6-meter walking time test, measured before and after the intervention. Both exercise programs demonstrated improvements in walking speed post-intervention; however, no statistically significant difference was found between the two groups. The Vivifrail group had a mean walking time post-test, while the Locotra group also showed improvement. The effect sizes indicated that both programs were effective but did not significantly outperform each other. Both Vivifrail and Locotra exercise programs are beneficial for enhancing walking speed in elderly individuals with LS, and given the lack of significant differences between the two interventions, healthcare providers may consider either program as a viable option for improving mobility in this population.

The aim of this quantitative research was to examine and compare the retirement experiences of retired athletes from selected sports federations in Iran and Iraq. Using the snowball sampling method, 188 retired professional athletes (103 from Iran and 85 from Iraq) were selected from team sports and individual sports. The research data were collected using the Sport Career Termination Questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using parametric and non-parametric statistical methods. The results indicated significant difference between the sport career length of the athletes of both groups; there was a significant difference between the sport career termination reasons of two groups; there was a significant difference between the retirement problems in two groups; there was a significant difference between the two groups in the amount of support received by the athletes during the retirement period, and significant difference existed between the level of retirement satisfaction in the two groups. It is recommended that sports authorities in Iran and Iraq pay more attention to retired athletes, strive to address the issues and challenges of their retirement course, and provide programs aimed at developing skills and job competencies for retired athletes. In particular, it is recommended that Iraqi sports authorities maximize the utilization of retired athletes within the country’s sports structure and implement effective programs for the prevention and treatment of sports injuries among athletes. Future researchers are encouraged to employ both longitudinal and qualitative research methods to gain a better and richer understanding of sports retirement.

Objective: Plasma follistatin and leptin proteins are important indicators in energy and metabolism regulation that also affect body weight. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training with and without blood flow restriction on serum follistatin and leptin levels in inactive obese girls. Materials and Methods: Thirty inactive obese girls with an age range of 20 to 28 years participated in this study. The subjects were randomly divided into 3 groups: resistance training with blood flow restriction and resistance training without blood flow restriction, and a control group (10 subjects in each group). Data analysis was performed using paired t-tests and one-way ANOVA at a significance level of less than 5%. Results: After 12 weeks of participation in sports activity, follistatin levels in both resistance training groups with and without blood flow restriction increased significantly after training (p<0.05). On the other hand, leptin levels decreased significantly in these groups after training interventions (p<0.05). Regarding the main effect of groups, the results showed that there was a significant difference between the types of resistance training and the control group in follistatin (P=0.036) and leptin (P=0.015) levels. Conclusion: The findings indicate that resistance training can lead to an increase in plasma follistatin levels and a decrease in leptin in inactive obese girls. It is recommended that obese individuals use such resistance training with blood flow restriction as a non-invasive, low-cost, and side-effect-free method to promote health and lose weight

Purpose: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological condition leading to muscle stiffness, spasticity, and reduced flexibility, particularly in the posterior chain muscles. Myofascial release (MFR), has shown promise in improving flexibility in various populations, but the cumulative effects of increasing the number of sessions have not been well-studied in individuals with MS. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a six-week myofascial stretching training program on the flexibility of posterior chain muscles in individuals with MS, with a focus on evaluating the cumulative effects of increasing the number of sessions. Method: A total of 30 female participants with MS were randomly assigned to one of two groups: a group receiving myofascial stretching training twice per week (n=15), and a group receiving training four times per week (n=15). Flexibility of the posterior chain muscles was assessed using the Sit and Reach (S&R) test at baseline, after 6 weeks of the intervention. Results: The results showed a significant improvement in S&R scores in both intervention groups. The group receiving training four times per week demonstrated greater flexibility improvements than the group receiving training twice per week, suggesting a cumulative effect of increasing the number of sessions. Conclusion: A six-week myofascial stretching training program can effectively improve the flexibility of posterior chain muscles in individuals with MS. Increasing the frequency of sessions from twice per week to four times per week leads to greater cumulative improvements in flexibility. These findings have important implications for the design of rehabilitation programs targeting flexibility in individuals with MS.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of yoga exercises on fatigue, balance, muscle strength and neurological disorders in women with multiple sclerosis. This was a semi-experimental study, for this purpose, pre and post-test study design (experimental group and control group) were used. 42 women with MS in Khomein city participated in this study and divided into two control (age: 33.3±6.2, height: 164.6±4.4, weight: 71.1± 7.3 and BMI: 26.4±2.9) and experimental group (age: 38.3±4.5, height: 160.8±7, weight: 68.5±14/6 and BMI: 26.4±4.8). The exercises were based on cognitive therapy based on mindfulness and yoga exercises, which was an 8-week program (3 sessions of 60 minutes per week). A quesinnaire, Berg balance test, Standing stork test, Tug, chair test and neurological disorders test were used to collect data. Kolmogorov Smirnov, dependent and independent t test, and Cohen's D test were used in the SPSSV25 software environment to analys data. Level of significant was 0.05. The findings of this study showed that yoga exercises leads to reduce fatigue level(P≤0.05), improve static and dynamic balance (P≤0.05), increase lower body muscle strength (P≤0.05) and leads to decrese neurological disorders (P≤0.05) in women with MSm(P≤0.05). In conclusion it can sugusted to trainers and MS patients' authorities to utilize this method in to minimiz balance problems, improve strength, endurance and also nurological disorders of affected individuals. Thi sapproach can be considered as a new method in their rehabilitation exercise program

Aims: The study aims to explore the effects of exercise causality orientations and behaviour regulation on mental, physical and spiritual well-being in Pakistani adults. The goal is to investigate the health-promoting lifestyle pattern in the community to compare cross-country results in future cross-sectional studies. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional correlational study was conducted through a purposive sample. A total of 184 adults were taken from educational and sports institutes in Pakistan. Valid and reliable instruments were used to conduct descriptive and inferential statistics through IBM SPSS v.25. Only English-proficient adults were included in the study. Results: The independent variables, effects of exercise, causality orientations, and behaviour regulation significantly affect mental, physical and spiritual well-being. The mediating variable of health-promoting lifestyle has a significant effect on lifestyle in terms of health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, spiritual growth, interpersonal relations and stress management on behaviour regulation and overall well-being Conclusion: The induction of physical and cultural promotion is integral in Pakistani educational and sports systems. Keywords: exercise causality, behaviour, mental, physical, spiritual, health,

Background: The "athlete's heart" syndrome encompasses structural and functional cardiac adaptations to chronic exercise. These sports impose unique hemodynamic loads, potentially leading to distinct remodeling patterns. Objective: This study aimed to compare central cardiovascular adaptations, both structural and functional, in elite male athletes from basketball, volleyball, and handball to identify sport-specific differences. Methods: Thirty male athletes (aged 18-25; n=10 per sport group) participated in this cross-sectional study. All participants underwent comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography at rest and immediately following a maximal graded exercise test (GXT) on a treadmill. Key measured parameters included left ventricular (LV) dimensions, wall thickness, mass, ejection fraction (EF), stroke volume, and cardiac output. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA or the Kruskal-Wallis test, with post-hoc analyses where appropriate. Results: While most parameters indicated a common adaptive athlete’s heart profile across all sports, significant sport-specific differences were found. Handball players exhibited a significantly higher heart rate post-GXT (180.11±9.45bpm) compared to both basketball and volleyball players (p<0.01). Furthermore, ejection fraction was significantly different between all groups at rest (p<0.05), with handball players also demonstrating a superior EF post-GXT compared to the other groups (p<0.05). A significant difference in left ventricular end-systolic dimension was also observed at rest between all three sports (p<0.001). Conclusion: The significant differences in post-exercise heart rate and ejection fraction, particularly in handball players, suggest that the pronounced upper-body and isometric components of handball impose a unique hemodynamic stress, leading to distinct functional adaptations. This underscores the importance of sport-specific interpretation of cardiac parameters in athletes.

Stress is a fundamental response of the body to various environmental pressures, impacting physical and mental health across age groups. After birth, infants enter a phase known as the Stress Hyporesponsive Period (SHRP), during which their physiological responses to stressors are significantly diminished. This stage is crucial as it shapes how individuals respond to stress later. Research indicates that the type and severity of stress experienced during the SHRP can have long-lasting implications, affecting stress reactivity in adulthood. Consequently, there is growing interest in utilizing exercise and physical activity as tools to mitigate the effects of stress. Various sports strategies and exercise regimens are adopted by health professionals to manage both physiological and psychological stressors. Notably, exercise has emerged as an important therapeutic option for various medical conditions, contributing to improvements in individuals’ mental well-being and physical fitness. Moreover, the objectives of this research extend beyond mere treatment; they also involve the enhancement of individuals' physiological traits. This study examines the scientific literature over the past decade regarding the Stress Hyporesponsive Period and analyzes research articles. By focusing on the relationship between exercise and stress response, this research aims to fill existing gaps and explore new pathways for understanding the interactions between physical activity and stress responses.