درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of organizational justice on the relationship between organizational policy and organizational citizenship behavior of sports experts in Tehran Municipality. The statistical population of the present study was all the experts of 22 districts of Tehran Municipality (N= 1800) and the statistical sample according to Cochran's formula was equal to 317 people. Finally, out of 350 distributed questionnaires, 323 questionnaires were found to be valid. A four-part questionnaire was used to collect the research data. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by 5 experts and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used in the pilot study for assessing the reliability of the research tool. Conducting Pearson correlation test as well as structural equation modeling through SPSS and LISREL software were used to examine the research hypotheses. The results of Pearson test showed a negative and significant relationship between organizational policy and organizational citizenship behavior (-0.51) and regression analysis of the study showed that 32% of changes in citizenship behavior could be predicted by organizational justice and organizational policy variables (32/32). Testing the research model revealed the indirect effect (mediated by perceived organizational justice) and direct effect of perceived organizational policy on organizational citizenship behavior. Moreover, the coefficient of direct impact (-0.183) of perceived policy on organizational citizenship behavior was found to be more than its indirect effect (-0.705).

The purpose of the research was to develop the strategic themes for sports sciences faculty of Isfahan Islamic Azad University. A mixed approach was used to collect and analyze data. The research tool consisted of an open questionnaire, interviews and strategic council meetings. Theoretical and snowball sampling methods were used to reach the theoretical saturation. For analyzing the collected data, a quantitative section of the strategic position and action assessment matrix and quantitative strategic planning matrix were used and in the qualitative section, a logical inductive method was used. The findings of the research showed that the faculty has four main objectives: maintaining the status quo in the pursuit of missions in accordance with the university's macro policies, developing and expanding processes and services in line with the capacities and needs of the sports community, making a better contribution to the goals and policies of the university and the college's strategic impact on provincial sports, while the college strategy approach was based on an aggressive position based on the status assessment matrix and strategic action.Hence, the brand's excellence in the college was chosen as one of the market leaders as a priority strategy in maintaining the status quo in the competitive market. Managers can use the presently-developed plan to highlight sports goals and provide conditions for achieving the intended outlook.

The overall purpose of this study was to perform a descriptive research on fear of crime, its related individual factors and sports environments, as well as the occurrence of inappropriate behavior by fans at stadiums . The research tool was a researcher-developed questionnaire that was found to be valid and reliable. 315 football fans completed the questionnaires at Fooladshahr Stadium in Isfahan, Iran in the second half of 2019. The results showed that the variables of age, level of education and marital status had a significant relationship with fear of crime. Among the teens, 13 to 17 years old, fear of crime was less than the youth while among the youth, it was more considerable than adults. Other individual variables (ethnicity, parents' income and family cultural environment) did not have a significant relationship with fear of crime. Variables related to sports environments, group of friends, rudeness at stadiums, the quality of sports environments, extreme attachment to a team, and crime perception in sports environments are also significantly related to fear of crime .  This study emphasizes the need for special attention of sports and security officials to the strict implementation of laws, as well as updating the laws in line with developments and training of fans behavior at stadiums.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting sport tourism marketing mix. The research method was descriptive – correlation and the statistical sample consisted of 265 sport tourists attended at Azadi stadium in Tehran for watching a football game between Esteghlal and Persepolis that were selected through clustering technique. The research instrument was a questionnaire developed by Shonk (2006). The face and content validity was approved by sport management experts and the reliability was verified by Cronbach’s alpha (α=0/89). The SPSS16 was used for description of variables, and LISREL software was used for conducting Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The result showed that “product” had the most effect on sport tourism marketing mix. “Physical evidences” was the next important variable influencing sport tourism marketing mix. Moreover, “promotion”, “people”, “process”, “price”, and “place” had significant effects on sport tourism marketing mix. According to the results it can be concluded that according to sport tourists’ view point, “product” and “physical evidences” had more importance. Product includes quality of sport contests and its’ related components, and physical evidence refers to the quality of sport stadium and its’ related factors. Also, other variables such as promotion, people, process, price and place had significant effect on the sport tourism marketing mix that should be taken in granted in sport tourism management context.

Transference of professional sports clubs to private sector involves the necessary conditions for private sector activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prerequisites for the transference of professional football clubs in Iran with emphasis on economic requirements. Statistical population included all CEOs and members of board of directors from professional football clubs, chairmen of committees and officials of provincial football boards, sports management and economics professors as well as football reporters. The research tool was a valid and reliable researcher-developed questionnaire. Factor analysis and Friedman ranking test were employed to analyze the research data. According to the results, the prerequisites for privatization were categorized in seven factors including cultural, executive, programming, motivational, legal, economic, and structural. Moreover, economic requirements (4.20) were the most important category, followed by executive (4.14), structural (4.04), motivational (4.02), legal (3.99), programming (3.97), and cultural requirements (3.62), respectively. Among the economic requirements, the transparency of financial information from country's football clubs, presence of strong sponsors and the creation of supportive funds for financial guarantee of private sector are in the first to third ranks, respectively. According to the findings the most important priority is to solve the financial problems and revenue generation of the clubs.

Branding is the main process of profitability and it can be defined as critical basis for sport industry. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the factors affecting the brand associations of the Iranian football league organization. The research population of the study included the faculty members of universities, members of the board of directors of the football federation, the board and staff of the league organization, and the managers and experts of the football federation. The research sample was selected through convenience sampling. A researcher-developed questionnaire was distributed for collecting the research data. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by ten professors of sports management and the reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha test. To analyze the research data, Partial Least Squares test (PLS) was applied. Findings showed that the research variables included tradition, competitive balance, stadium atmosphere, management, competition, star player, education, competition, game show, community pride, socialization, player development, getting rid of everyday life, nostalgia, interest in a special team, excitement, acceptance in the peer group, logo, and product delivery had a positive and significant effect on the brand associations of Iranian football league organization. Therefore, it is suggested that managers and officials of sports federations use the results of this research to enhance the brand positioning of the football leagues.

Purpose: the etiology of children obesity can be varied. Adipose tissue is an active tissue that secretes proteins such as TNF-α, IL-6, leptin, and adiponectin. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term sprint interval training on serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, TNF-α, IL-6, insulin, and lipid profile in overweight boys. Method: a number of 30 overweight male students (with a mean age of 9.93±0.2 and BMI of 27.73±0.2) were randomly assigned to the control group (n=15) and sprint interval training (n=15). The subjects of the experimental group did the training for eight weeks, as the control group was engaged in doing their daily activities without intervention. Measurement of anthropometric indices and fasting blood collection were performed (to measure insulin, leptin, adiponectin, TNF-α, IL-6, cholesterol, LDL, HDL and TG) one day before and one day after the training program. Results: the results of the present study indicated that 8 weeks of sprint interval training significantly decreased weight and BMI in overweight children (P<0.001). In addition to weight and BMI reduction, levels of TNF-α, IL-6, leptin, insulin, cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL significantly reduce the following eight weeks of the sprint interval workout (P< 0.001 for all), while adiponectin and HDL levels increase (P<0.001, P<0.01, respectively). Conclusions: in general, the present study demonstrate that sprint interval training which is a new way of physical activity exerted a positive effect on most of components contributing to children obesity.

Purpose: Prediabetes refers to a condition where the level of fasting blood sugar reaches 100- 125 mg/dl. The prediabetes pervasiveness is growing throughout the world. The main objective of the present research is the exploration of the body composition and anthropomorphic differences among prediabetes and normal people for finding the plans for scanning prediabetes and the impact of exercise on it. Method: The present descriptive cross-sectional research conducted on 251 people. The signed informed consents and information of the education, age, exercise etc. gathered. Then, blood glucose tested, and 133 and 118 participants respectively had been chosen for the prediabetes and normal groups. Digital scales, wall stadiometer, tape measure and body composition monitor had been employed to measure anthropomorphic and body composition indices. Results: Total pervasiveness of prediabetes was 52.98% that accounted for 41.03% of the male and 11.95% of the female. Any significant differences didn’t found in the education level, exercise and physical activity between two groups (p>0.05). However, there was a significant difference in the age just in the male group (p=0.043). It found that the prediabetic participants experience visceral fat, BMI, WC, and WHR higher than the normal participants (p=0.037, p=0.010, p=0.000, and p=0.002, respectively) just in the female group. Conclusions: It has been concluded that anthropomorphic and body composition have differences between normal and prediabetes participants; therefore, they may be used as the screening programs. Moreover, it has been suggested that prediabetes can be prevented by controlling anthropometric and body composition indices by exercise.

Background: The coaching styles are a powerful force that can affect the health of athletes and their view of sports. Aim : The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Coaches' Behavioral Style (CBS) and Exercise Pleasure (EP) and Athletes' Moral Health (AMH). Materials and Methods: This research is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this study included all athletes in Neyriz city. Three questionnaires were used for data collection: CBS questionnaire of Chelladurai and Saleh (1980), EP questionnaire of Scanlan et al. (1993), and AMH questionnaire of Vallerand et al. (1996). Descriptive statistics and the Spearman correlation coefficient were used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that although some of the components of AMH and CBS, such as negativism, were inverse, overall, there was a positive and significant relationship between CBS and AMH. Also, there was a positive and significant relationship between AMH and EP. Conclusion: According to the results, CBS can affect AMH and EP. Therefore, sports coaches should choose their behavior style according to athletes' needs, however, based on their willingness in supportive and participatory styles

Background: Excessive anterior pelvic tilt (APT) is a common condition that can lead to musculoskeletal problems in females. Pilates and TRX exercises have been suggested as potential interventions to address APT. Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of these exercises on the pelvic tilt angle (PTA) in females with excessive APT. Materials and Methods: The current study utilized a pre-test post-test design and was conducted as a quasi-experimental study. Twenty females between the ages of 35 and 55 were purposefully selected to participate in the study. The pelvic tilt angle (PTA) was measured using an inclinometer. The study participants were randomly assigned to the two groups. Then 8-week TRX and Pilates exercises were carried out. The data was analyzed by paired-sample t-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) at a significance level of P <0.05 using SPSS V. 16. Results: The results showed a significant decrease in PTA in both Pilates (t(9)= 16.74, P = 0.001) and TRX (t(9)= 9.73, P = 0.001) exercises groups. But, there was no a significant difference between the two groups (F(1, 17)=0.01, P = 0.922, partial eta squared= 0.001). Conclusion: The results of the study demonstrated a significant decrease in the pelvic tilt angle (PTA) of participants with excessive anterior pelvic tilt (APT) following 8 weeks of Pilates and TRX exercises. These findings highlight the importance of these exercise interventions in correcting postural deformities.