درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Background : Internationalization of sports leagues can have several benefits, including increased exposure to a global audience; improved competitiveness; and enhanced financial opportunities and cultural exchange. Overall, the internationalization of a sports league can help it grow, become more competitive, and reach a wider audience, leading to benefits for both the league and its fans. Aim: The main objective of this research was to develop a model of challenges affecting the internationalization of the Persian Gulf Pro League (PGPL). Materials and Methods: We conducted twenty in-depth interviews with expertise involved in the functioning of the PGPL who were recruited using a convenience sampling method. The data was analyzed using grounded theory method, including open, axial, and selective coding. During the analysis, we identified 85 codes that generated 49 general concepts. Subsequently, through further reviewing the concepts and their combination with each other, we identified twenty tow final categories that affect the internationalization of PGPL. These categories were classified into five main dimensions: political-economic; managerial; legal; technical-marketing and socio-cultural. Results : According to the research findings, it is necessary for the Iranian football managers and practitioners to first address the challenges affecting the internationalization of the PGPL and then provide the required conditions and platforms with attitude-behavioral alignment to move toward internationalization. Conclusion: The study suggests that Iranian football managers and practitioners need to address challenges hindering the internationalization of the PGPL and provide the necessary conditions and platforms to facilitate the process. By doing so, the PGPL can expand its presence and competitiveness in the global football industry, leading to growth and success.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is one technology that can revolutionize traditional methods and transform sports infrastructure. To promote the adoption of IoT effectively, it's vital for sports manager to understand the factors that positively and negatively affect it. The aim of this study was to investigate how perceived risk impacts people's willingness to use IoT technology in sports. This quantitative study used a survey method and applied a descriptive approach. The statistical population included Iranian athletes, and 394 individuals completed questionnaires using a non-probability sampling method. Data analysis was performed using Smart PLS3 software. Results showed that perceived risk has a direct and negative impact on perceived ease of use, willingness to use, and perceived usefulness. However, its effect on attitude towards use was insignificant. The study also confirmed the positive impact of perceived ease of use on perceived usefulness and attitude towards use. Perceived usefulness had a greater effect on the latter variable. Additionally, perceived usefulness had a significant positive impact on willingness to use IoT technology in sports, as did attitude towards use. Attitude towards use also had a significant positive impact on willingness to use IoT technology in sports. The study recommends implementing strategies to enhance and improve perceived usefulness, ease of use, and attitude towards use while reducing perceived risk to increase acceptance and willingness to use IoT technology in sports.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of lying on the stomach on the spine angles of 13-18 year old students in Karaj. For this purpose, 105 13-18 year old students of girls' schools in District 3 of Karaj, who were accustomed to lying on the stomachs, randomly participated in the study by convenience sampling method and based on the number of study hours per day, less than 1 hour, between 1 and 2 hours and more than 2 hours placed in three groups. angles of forward head, unequal shoulder, lumbar lordosis, dorsal kyphosis and scoliosis were assessed using standard tests with high validity and reliability. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni test at the significance level of 0.05. A significant difference was between lumbar lordosis and forward head angle among students who were less than 1 hour and more than 2 hours accustomed to lying on their stomachs(P<0.05). But this difference was not significant for variables of uneven (dropped) shoulder, dorsal kyphosis and scoliosis(P<0.05). The students who studied for more than 2 hours a day while lying on their stomachs had abnormalities of lumbar lordosis and forward head angle. .

Aim and background: The aim of this study was to investigate Kinematics and kinetics Symmetry of Lower Limbs during running at a constant speed. Methods: 28 Elite runner (age: 34.75±6.63years) participated in this study. Running at constant speed was conducted by each subject at 2/5 m.s-1 on treadmill while kinematic and kinetic data were captured at 150 Hz and 300 Hz, respectively. The peak of joint moments and flexion angles in sagittal plane were calculated. The normality and homogeneity of variances assumptions of the dependent variables was tested using Bartlett and Leven’s test. Independent t tests were conducted to examine the symmetry of hip, knee and ankle moments between dominant and non-dominant joints during stance phase of running (p<0.05). Results: results of the present study showed no significant difference exists between dominant and non-dominant lower joints regarding the peak moments of Hip, Knee and ankle in sagittal plane during stance phase (p>0.05) as well as between peak flexion angles during running. Conclusion: Symmetry exists in lower joints sagittal moments and flexion angle during running at the constant speed. According to the results dominant and non- dominant lower joints play propulsive and absorbent roles cooperatively.