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In recent years, technologies have been developed which have made it possible to commercially develop vast quantities of petroleum and natural gas resources that were previously known to exist but which could not be commercially developed using conventional techniques. When the co-owners of petroleum and natural gas rights decide to use a joint venture structure, they typically enter in to a joint operating agreement (joa) to govern operations relating to the jointly owned petroleum and natural gas rights. A JOA is the constitution which the tenants in common that co-own the joint land right must adhere to for the duration of their co-ownership. Where it is held by several persons, the concession typically that those persons will be jointly and severally liable to the government for the proper performance of the terms of the concession. This means that government could, if it so wished, look to enforce the terms of the concession against any one the parties which are together the concession holders. The JOA reallocates the position of joint and several liabilities between the parties through provision that the party’s liability inter se will be apportioned according to several predetermined share. The JOA typically relates to a single concession and applies in respect of petroleum operations in the area which is identified within that concession.

Purpose: The aim of the present study is Identify and develops effective components on competency model of elementary school principals in Tehran. Method: This study is combinations type that discovery in the form of mixed research. The study population included all managers and assistants Tehran elementary schools in the qualitative section using theoretical sampling 35 subjects and in quantity section, using simple random sampling method, 250 managers and deputies managed primary schools were selected as samples. The data collected from semi-structured interviews and standardized questionnaires. The data were analyzed using content analysis and structural equation modeling. Findings: The obtained results indicate four components eligibility of the individuals, competence, interpersonal, managerial competencies and academic merit and expertise with the index 137. That in order of priority managerial competencies 32 index, Eligibility of the individuals with 54 indexes, Interpersonal competencies 24 Index and academic and professional qualifications of with 17 indicators, Scientific competence and expertise with 10 indexes, career and professional qualifications of the 27 indicators competency model are as the most important components of the country's education system elementary school principals. Conclusion: And these components have a significant positive effect on the competence of elementary school principals and managerial competencies.

Sociological analysis of the foreign investment process in Iran during the pre and post Islamic Revolution periods has undergone many fluctuations. Foreign investment in Iran was under the influence of political fluctuations, and attempts have been undertaken in each period to create a safe environment for attracting foreign capital by resorting to various compilations. What sets Islam as a privileged and outstanding religion at any given time is that it considers all aspects of life and, principally, has put all parts of human life in the path of true evolution with its original special laws. The basic role of jurisprudence in relation to the economy and the appropriate solutions for regulating economic relations and the formulation of a standard in the economic regulations has been highlighted in the foreign investment affairs, the use of rules, regulations, and principles of the law in the conflict of individual and social interests. After the Islamic Revolution, foreign investment, with emphasis on jurisprudential and Islamic foundations, brought about tremendous changes in the field of Iranian-Islamic urban spaces.

Abstract Purpose: Smart schools are schools equipped with electronic devices and advanced technology where innovative and new way of learning is taught by processing data and communication within the context of suitable curriculum. Methodology: The basis of current research has been designed to compare the effectiveness of developing creativity between two groups of female high schoolers attending smart schools versus female students attending non-smart schools. Furthermore, all the female subjects were attending 3rd grade which is equivalent of 11th grade students worldwide. The method utilized in this research is the comparison evaluation type. The statistical society of research subjects included female high schoolers of Tehran’s District 8 which encompasses of 10 public schools, 6 non-public or private schools, and one smart high school, with the total population of 1020 in which 300 students were selected by classified random method as the sample group of research. The mentioned random groups were selected from all above-mentioned schools accordingly to their populations. Initially, in order to assess the level of creativity, part A of the Torrance test was given to all subjects at the beginning of the school –year. Part B of the same test was given at the conclusion of the school-year. Finding: The yielding outcome of both tests were analyzed with T test, variance method, and Schaffer's follow-up test final and total assessment and evaluation of all the results a conclusion was reached indicating that the type of smart or non-smart schools had no effect in developing and advancing creativity. Discussion: However, the dual comparison between private and public schools demonstrated a real and factual significant differences with respect to developing creativity. This fact implies that private high schools are more equipped and suited to develop creativity.

Purpose: In this article, we will examine the obligation that the parties to the revocable contract are permitted to fulfill their obligations to this contract until the contract is continued and not terminated, as well as study the rules governing the formation and rules governing the dissolution of the revocable contracts. Methodology: The present research is applied in terms of purpose and content analysis method. In the organization of research, the documentary and library methods have been used and the information analysis has been obtained qualitatively and based on the inference of the researcher on the sources and texts. Findings: One of the most important legal institutions and organizations in all legal systems is contract and agreement so that today it is considered as the main means of legal and economic construction of human societies and is the cornerstone of many socio-economic relations of people in the society. The stability and security of the socio-economic relations of the society and the maintenance of public order depend on the credit of contracts and the adherence of individuals to their duty and responsibility and obligation to the contract and the implementation of its provisions. Article 184 of the Civil Code of Iran refers only indistinctly to the two divisions and without specifying the divider of each type and direction of division. It's as though the aforementioned types are one of the divider. Article 184 stipulates that contracts and transactions shall be divided into the following categories: binding contract, revocable contract, optional contract, unconditional contract and conditional contract. Conclusion: Regardless of the fact that people such as Mirza Naini Sheikh Mousa Khansari in Manieh al-Taleb are not considered revocable contract as a valid contract, nevertheless, the division of contracts into binding and revocable has two practical uses. In the binding contract, the two parties to the contract or one of them are committed to their covenant and cannot arbitrarily break the covenant, but, in the revocable contract, they can terminate the contract without any impediment. The revocable contract is dissolved for the death and madness and imbecility of a party.