درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose- Protected areas (PA) are effectively managed places dedicated to the long-term conservation of biodiversity and natural values ​​with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. Forest and rengland ecosystems of national park provide a wide range of environmental, economic, and social services to human communities, with a variety of stakeholders. One of the beneficiaries of forest ecosystem services is the rural communities on the edge of forests. The proper and appropriate use of natural resources plays an important role in empowering local communities and affects their socio-economic status. Design/methodology/approach- In this research, forest and rangeland ecosystem of the Kiasar National Park (KNP) was selected in Iran for assessing the social and economic natural ecosystems services to rural communities. For achieving the research goal, the Delphi questionnaire inclouding a set of indicators for natural ecosystems assessing extracted from various sources is used to identify the indicators of economic, and social services, Entropy and TOPSIS techniques to calculate their weight and prioritize, respectively. Also, GIS has been used to map the economic and social services of the natural ecosystems of KNP. In this study, 36 specialists in the field of national parks answered the Delphi questionnaire. Findings- In this research exteracted 38 indicators including 20 social indicators and 18 economic indicators that among them, 7 economic indicators and 11 social indicators accepted and customized to assess the social and economical services of natural ecosystems. Then preparation capability map (Potential map) in four classes based on their weight and priority overplayed. The results indicated that recreational value, and interests and contributions from to rural communities protect and develop the park indicators had the highest priority in assessing the economic and social services of natural ecosystems. The KNP capability map showed that 1810.50 and 34.30 ha of the park is located in the very suitable class from an economic and social perspectives for utilization rural communities of services natural ecosystems park respectively. 

Purpose- Agritourism provides a sustainable substitute that supports international initiatives to address environmental issues and the increasing depletion of natural resources. The aim of this research is to investigate the role of agricultural tourism in sustainable rural development. Design/methodology/approach - The present study is a mixed research (qualitative-quantitative) type that was designed in two stages. In the first stage, In order to identify and extract the factors affecting the role of agricultural tourism in sustainable rural development, 18 semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts in this field using purposive sampling method and considering the theoretical saturation index of data. Second stage: In the second stage, in order to ensure the accuracy of the first stage process and observe changes, exploratory factor analysis was performed without any initial division for the factors extracted from the first stage. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used in data analysis. The statistical population of the study at this stage was villages with agricultural tourism potential in the four cities of Tonekabon, Nowshahr, Sari, and Babol, which were selected based on a stratified random sampling method with proportional assignment, with a total of 320 people. Findings - The results of the second-order confirmatory factor analysis also showed that among the second-order factor loadings, the economic and infrastructure structure (0.94) has the greatest impact, followed by the political and institutional structure (0.87), the social and educational structure (0.76), and the human and climatic structure (0.69) respectively, which have the least impact on the main structure (the role of agricultural tourism in sustainable rural development). Practical Implications - Since Mazandaran province has high tourism potential, the results of this study can help policymakers to formulate an appropriate program in the field of agritourism in line with the sustainability of rural communities. Originality/Value - This study works towards sustainable development by providing a complete strategy for the development of agricultural tourism, and this study has attempted to fill the gaps and gaps in previous studies.

Purpose- In today's world, where the trend of tourism has changed from mass to individualistic patterns and tourists give more priority to flexibility and meaningful experiences, creative tourism is a new and interesting aspect in the field of tourism, where more attention is paid to tangible heritage to intangible heritage. From the point of view of the villagers, creative tourism means that the residents are passionate and proud of the cultural, natural, and physical environment of the village, evaluate the effects of tourism positively, and accept participation in tourism development programs, to finally be a suitable host in the relationship. To achieve this kind of tourism, various factors are effective in realizing this. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of behavioral and environmental factors in villagers' hospitability in tourism target villages of Kermanshah province with the structural equation analysis approach. Design/methodology/approach- Questionnaires were randomly distributed among residents. The statistical population of the research is 14 tourism target villages of Kermanshah province, which according to the census of 2016 (According to the latest population and housing census in Iran) has a population equal to 10039 people, and the size of the studied sample was estimated to be 380 people based on the Cochran formula. Also, an average of 10 domestic and foreign tourists from each village filled out questionnaires, resulting in a total of 140 questionnaires. Finding- The results showed that the effect of the behavioral factor on hosting was greater. In the sense that the perception, attitude, and participation of villagers will be good predictors for the realization of creative hosting. Also, the results showed that the highest average acceptance of host was in the villages Considering the geographical and environmental conditions and tourism of Shamshir, Harir and Hajij, which had the best condition.

Purpose - The development of wind energy in rural areas of Iran is a promising solution to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors influencing farmers’ willingness and intention to participate in the development and advancement of wind energy. By reviewing the literature and employing an intuitively developed method, the hypothesized influential statements were identified. Design/methodology/approach- The research sample consisted of 189 participants selected through random sampling. The internal validity of questionnaire indicators was assessed by checking Cronbach's alpha coefficient and loading scores through Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The Cronbach's alpha coefficient fell within an acceptable range. Finding- The results of the study revealed that externality directly and significantly affects perceived sensitivity ( β = 0.40, p = 0.001). In addition, negative externalities have a significant positive effect on perceived severity, with a path coefficient of 0.41 ( β = 0.41, p = 0.001). The attitude towards the electricity distribution company also has a direct and significant effect on the willingness to participate in the development of wind energy ( β = 0.35, p < 0.001). The functional rationale (β = 0.17, p < 0.05) and the urgency rationale ( β = 0.34, p = 0.001) positively and significantly influence the willingness to engage in wind energy development projects. Willingness to participate in development plans has a positive and significant effect on behavioral intention ( β = 0.66, p = 0.001). The squared multiple correlations for sensitivity, perceived severity, desire to participate in wind energy development projects, and behavioral intention to participate are 0.16, 0.17, 0.33, and 0.22, respectively (R 2 Sensit = 0.16, R 2 Sever = 0.17, R 2 Desire = 0.33, R 2 Intent = 0.22). The results of this survey, in general, indicate that it has an impact on farmers' willingness to promote and develop wind energy. Using the transtheoretical model, it was revealed that the majority of farmers are in the stages of "increasing awareness" and "dramatic relief," while experts are in the stages of "self-reevaluation" and "self-liberation."