درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Human is a compatible creature with the ability to grow the modern knowledge and new patterns of activity. Social pressures and cultural norms could affect formation of behavioral patterns and attitudes of urban planners. However, the framework is not static and could be changed over the time and the urban planners are responsible for controlling, conducting and evaluating the reflection of these changes and playing role in their formation. It should be noted that with such speed of changes in the current cities, realization of a degree of flexibility if required and the future prospects could clear flexible and creative cities as the contexts for economic, social and cultural development of societies and urban spaces could be important sites to meet needs of citizens and formation of social activities. Now in this study, which is a descriptive-analytical research in terms of nature, the main objective is to recognize required components in formation of flexible urban space in Iran and to measure the perceptions and expectations of flexible urban spaces in Iran. It should be mentioned that achievement of these spaces with flexibility capabilities needs firstly some preconditions including accessibility, diversity and readability. In this regard, at the first, qualitative data are collected using library method and the literature is reviewed to identify the most important components involved in formation of flexible urban space and then, the data are measured in frame of Delphi Method. Then, to clear the differences between expectations and perceptions, a questionnaire is used for paired mean comparison of components. Due to the difference between the existing and expected conditions, this issue was confirmed. Finally, for better understanding of the difference and using the gap scatter plot, relevant factors of physical system and energy were placed in the part of balanced and fixed factors, factors related to spatial and functional system and meeting needs of citizens as the problem and relevant factors of formation process and role of citizens in growth balance were observed.

Nowadays, Spatial and social inequalities are universal and expanding phenomenon. Identification and spatial analysis of social, economic and ecological inequalities in metropolises is one of the essential and basic proceeding for planning and achieving urban sustainable development. The present research method is descriptive-analytical and using 13 sub criteria based on three main criteria of social, economic and environmental analyzes the status of spatial fragmentation among the metropolis Tehran's districts. For this purpose, the criteria and sub- criteria's internal and external dependencies was determined using the Delphi and ANP method in Super Decisions Software and assessed and scored relative to each other. The results of assessing the indicators shows that Tehran metropolis lacks of the physical unity and spatial heterogeneity between the north and south of the city remains as main feature of its spatial structure. It is necessary that the authorities of Tehran urban management to take actions for better understanding of this phenomenon and consequently offer new and efficient solutions for reducing the effects of various impacts of spatial inequality and duality. For this reason, it is essential to rethink the concept of city in terms of social, economic, political, and ecological and sustainability dimensions.

Paytoop neighborhood in Bojnurd in among those neighborhoods that are confronted with worn-out area problem, while have a potential capability to attract people. In spite of the implemented renovation plans, and having a long history and great capabilities, this neighborhood couldn&rsquot have any progress in constant spatial development, and we are still witnessing a horizontal expansion in the city. The objective of this paper is to analyze the renovation and rehabilitation plan in Paytoop neighborhood, and to prioritize the worn-out area zones in order to implement the Armaghan plan using AHP method and present some strategies to use these spaces optimally, while preserving their identity. In this research, AHP hierarchical method is used to determine the intervention area in the worn-out area. In order to measure and analyze the information we used interview, observation, questionnaire, and library study.

The electronic industry suffers a rapid changing and highly rival environment. Thus, firms have an essential need to strive for acquiring the competitive advantage. Strategy Organizational Agility (SOA) is a tool which enables to assist firms to attain the competitive advantage. Therefore, this study benchmarks the core competencies from a case study within the supply chain network and establishes a set of attributes for augmenting SOA. A novel multi-criteria decision-making structure is proposed to deal with the complex interrelationships among the aspects and attributes. Radial basis function (RBF) neural network can use linear learning algorithm to complete the work formerly handled by nonlinear learning algorithm, and maintain the high precision of the nonlinear algorithm. However, the results of RBF would be slightly unsatisfactory when dealing with small sample which has higher feature dimension and fewer numbers. Higher feature dimension will influence the design of neural network, and fewer numbers of samples will cause network training incomplete or over-fitted, both of which restrict the recognition precision of the neural network. The competence and accountability indicators can the continuously increasing level of agility to be effective. According to the analysis chart production and product design performance indicators alone cannot level a considerable amount of agility to change. But reducing the level of the index level of agility is reduced. Flexibility indices speed and agility level changes can also affect the organization. But with increased levels of these two indicators increased agility rate change indicators will be more flexibility. The results showed that customer knowledge management impact on organizational agility and organizational effectiveness and customer knowledge management through organizational agility has significant positive impact on organizational effectiveness. Finally, some practical suggestions, future research suggestions and research limitations are presented.

The conclusion of any contract aims at implementation of the obligations arising from it. Morality dictates that people adhere to what they assumed regarding others. The law also supported the moral judgment and in case of breach of obligations to oblige, compensation as a sanction is imposed on obligor. In view of the economic analysis, he also committed to respect his contract and the Contract shall be performed contrary to the intention of breaching party, and on both sides the effectiveness is motivated to build trust and to maximize contract efficiency. Typically there are two basic solutions in compensation for breach of contract. First, the obligation of obligator to perform obligation, secondly, payment of damages for non-performance, either by the parties in the form of penalty clause or by the court to refer the matter to the expert identified and they are required to pay it. In choosing one of these, economic perspective considers the economic benefits of each of these two solutions. If so economic benefit in cases where subjective commitment and intellectual damage on the implementation of the commitment, as compensation for these losses not compensated correctly, and basically cannot be estimated. In second view, sentence in view of the compensation usually refers to material damages or economic damages, in such cases compensation for losses caused to the obligee can be compensated better and more efficient method is considered. Finally, it must be borne in mind that the purpose of signing the contract because is its implementation and in cases where the performance of contractual obligations under changed circumstances faced hardships, the elimination of obstacles to the implementation of the contract will be resolved, it seems to modify the contract as a mechanism for the implementation of the contract must be considered unless they agreed to be imposed on them by law or judicial authority. In this case, unless the modification is done by mutual consent, it is modification by legal and judicial means economically, we'll see how the parties to the agreement have wanted to do risk allocation or choose the more efficient ones, that is, which party can a lower cost can bear the risk of changing circumstances and consider same party responsible for it.